Pillar 08

From Client State to International Law

Greek defence spending is third in NATO. The Foreign Ministry budget is two orders of magnitude smaller. AURIO makes international law the operational substrate of Greek foreign policy, seeks security with Türkiye not against, and builds the legal craft Greece needs.

Inspired by Amartya Sen, Frantz Fanon, Hugo Grotius, Olof Palme & Martti Koskenniemi

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Keyboard shortcuts on this page: Q jumps to The Problem, T to The Thinking, C to The Proof, P to The Proposals, M to Where the Money Comes From, W to What Changes for You, E to Go Deeper, and B returns to the Programme index.

The Problem

Greek defence spending reached €7.1bn in 2024, third highest in NATO. The Foreign Ministry budget is €250 million. The legal capacity that would prosecute the Greek case at the ICJ is two orders of magnitude below.

€7.1bn Greek defence spending 2024, 3.08 per cent of GDP, third in NATO
€3bn Achilles' Shield Israeli air defence package, USD 3.5 billion
157 of 193 UN Member States that recognise Palestine, April 2026. Greece does not
The Thinking

Who argued this, and why it holds.

Amartya Sen, Frantz Fanon, Hugo Grotius, Olof Palme & Martti Koskenniemi

International law is the operational substrate of Greek foreign policy, not a constraint on it.

Amartya Sen, Nobel laureate in economics in 1998, demonstrated that development means expanding what people can do and be, not what they can buy. Development as Freedom (Knopf, 1999) reframed the measure of national progress as the set of capabilities a society's members actually have. Diversity, openness and principled engagement with the world are preconditions for development, not luxuries to follow it. For Greek foreign policy in 2026 the implication is direct: a small to medium European state that organises its external relations around capability expansion (legal, diplomatic, intercultural) builds standing in international fora that GDP and defence spending alone cannot buy.

Frantz Fanon diagnosed the deeper problem. Racism, cultural cringe and dependence on a metropolitan power are internalised oppressions that must be named and rejected before genuine sovereignty is possible. The Wretched of the Earth (1961) and Black Skin, White Masks (1952) established that political independence without psychological decolonisation reproduces the structures it sought to overthrow. For Greek foreign policy the implication is precise: a foreign policy organised around the American security guarantee, the Israeli technical alliance and procurement from US and Israeli suppliers reproduces the client state pattern Fanon identified. Sovereignty is reclaimed in the substrate, not only in the ceremony.

Sen and Fanon supply the why and the diagnosis. The operational architecture, the legal craft through which a small to medium state exercises capability and decolonised judgement on the world stage, comes from three further thinkers whose work is woven into the proposals.

Hugo Grotius supplies the legal substrate. From Mare Liberum in 1609 to De Iure Belli ac Pacis in 1625, Grotius established that even sovereigns without a higher adjudicating authority are bound by shared principles of justice and law, drawn from the ius naturale discoverable by reason and the ius gentium established by the practice and consent of nations. UNCLOS in 1982 codifies that architecture in the law of the sea. Greece has ratified UNCLOS by Law 2321/1995. Türkiye has not.

Olof Palme supplies the security framework. The Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues, which Palme chaired, published Common Security: A Programme for Disarmament on 25 April 1982. Its central proposition is that states cannot seek security at each other's expense; security can be obtained only through co operative undertakings. Sweden under Palme spoke independently on Vietnam, on Iran Iraq and on Palestine, without losing its alliance position or its trade access. Greek voice on Gaza can do the same, inside the NATO and EU envelope.

Martti Koskenniemi supplies the method. From Apology to Utopia (1989) set out the recurring movement of international legal argument between the descending pole of state interest and consent and the ascending pole of shared values. Legal argumentation, exercised through patient and methodical engagement with treaties, conventions and dispute resolution mechanisms, is the principal foreign policy instrument of states that lack preponderant military or economic weight. Iceland's Cod Wars won 200 nautical miles. Norway built jurisprudence at the ICJ. Greece can do the same on the Aegean.

Sen tells us what foreign policy is for: capability expansion. Fanon tells us what it is against: the colonised substrate. Grotius tells us where to argue: in the law. Palme tells us with whom: with the neighbour, not against. Koskenniemi tells us how: through patient legal craft. Pillar 8 takes all five seriously.

Even in a world of independent sovereigns with no higher adjudicating authority, shared principles of justice and law can regulate behaviour between states.

After Hugo Grotius, De Iure Belli ac Pacis (1625)
The Proof

This is not theory. It runs somewhere today.

€7.1bn Greek defence budget 2024, 3.08 per cent of GDP, third in NATO
vs
€250m Greek Foreign Ministry annual operating budget

Greek per capita defence spending is approximately €660 per citizen per year. Greek per capita spending on the international legal capacity that would prosecute the Greek case at the ICJ is two orders of magnitude below.

The Proposals

What we will do. Concretely.

International Law as Substrate Grotius, Koskenniemi: legal craft as foreign policy instrument

AURIO Foreign Policy Charter

Before any law mandates it, AURIO adopts an internal Foreign Policy Charter binding the party, its candidates and its elected representatives to international law primacy under Article 28 of the Constitution, principled nonalignment within NATO Article 5 collective defence, common security with neighbours, and standing parliamentary review of arms procurement above €100 million. The party that proposes parliamentary ratification of arms procurement applies that test to its own foreign policy positions; the party that proposes Council of State review invites that review on its own draft proposals; the party that proposes Common Security with Türkiye leads the civil society dialogue itself.

  • Adopted by AURIO as a binding internal party rule. Amendable only by two thirds majority of the General Assembly
  • AURIO Foreign Policy Officer reporting to the Executive Committee
  • Annual Foreign Policy Audit published by AURIO

Approximately €5,000 per electoral cycle. Foundational. Without AURIO leading by example on internal foreign policy discipline, all subsequent proposals lack standing.

Envelope I. AURIO internal budget.

Greece v. Türkiye Maritime Delimitation Case at the ICJ

Prepare and file an application instituting proceedings against the Republic of Türkiye before the International Court of Justice on the maritime delimitation of the Aegean and East Mediterranean continental shelf and exclusive economic zone, anchored on UNCLOS Articles 74, 83 and 121, on the equidistance and relevant circumstances doctrine, and on Article 38 of the ICJ Statute. The Norway v. Denmark Jan Mayen judgment of 14 June 1993 is the methodological precedent. Türkiye is not a party to UNCLOS. The Türkiye Libya MOU of 27 November 2019 is rejected by the EU. Whether Türkiye accepts jurisdiction or refuses, the application advances the Greek position. Iceland's Cod Wars and South Africa v. Israel both demonstrate that small to middle power legal practice can constrain larger adversaries through the contentious jurisdiction of the ICJ.

  • Preparation 2026 to 2027 by Greek Foreign Ministry legal directorate, Hellenic Council of State and external counsel
  • Filing 2028 to 2029 of an application instituting proceedings
  • Türkiye response 2029 to 2030, anticipated to be a refusal of jurisdiction
  • Merits stage 2030 onward if jurisdiction accepted, supported by Article 63 interventions by sympathetic third states

€5 to 10 million across two to three years for case preparation, expert reports, hearings, agent and counsel fees. The dispositive jurisprudence on the Aegean delimitation in either direction.

Envelope C. Greek Foreign Ministry budget plus the General Accounting Office.

Foreign Policy Transparency Act

Statutory provision requiring parliamentary ratification by absolute majority of all arms procurement contracts above €100 million, parliamentary ratification of all foreign basing agreements and force transit agreements, the establishment of a Standing Committee on Arms Exports and Procurement of fifteen MPs proportionally allocated, the publication of an annual Strategic Export and Procurement Controls Report on the UK model, a binding Council of State legality opinion on every contract over €100 million on Genocide Convention, ECHR and EU Common Position 2008/944/CFSP grounds, and AADE published disclosure of VAT, customs and import duty treatment on every contract above €100 million on Diavgeia (Law 3861/2010). Civil society standing under Code of Civil Procedure Article 64. Implements Article 36 of the Constitution in the contemporary context.

  • AURIO parliamentary bill in the 2027 to 2031 term
  • Standing Committee on Arms Exports and Procurement constituted under Hellenic Parliament Standing Orders
  • Annual Strategic Export and Procurement Controls Report published on Diavgeia
  • Council of State binding legality opinion on every contract above €100 million

Approximately €1 million per year for committee secretariat, Council of State capacity and annual report production. Article 36 of the Constitution implemented in operational form for the first time on arms procurement.

Envelopes D and F. Hellenic Parliament budget plus CERV-2026.

Hellenic Council of State Foreign Policy Legality Review

Establish a Foreign Policy Legality Section of the Hellenic Council of State, on the model of the Conseil d'État Defence Section in France and the Raad van State Foreign Policy Advisory function in the Netherlands, providing standing review of arms procurement contracts above €100 million and basing agreements on Genocide Convention, ECHR and EU Common Position 2008/944/CFSP grounds, with civil society standing. The Hague Court of Appeal F-35 parts judgment of 12 February 2024 establishes that arms export decisions are justiciable in EU Member State courts on Genocide Convention and IHL grounds.

  • Statutory amendment to the Council of State Procedural Code (Presidential Decree 18/1989) in the 2027 to 2031 term
  • Standing review function for arms procurement contracts above €100 million and for basing agreements
  • Civil society standing under Code of Civil Procedure Article 64
  • Council of State opinions binding on the Government

Approximately €800,000 per year for the new Foreign Policy Legality Section. Aligns Greece with French, Dutch and German practice.

Envelope E. Hellenic Council of State budget.

Constitutional Amendment to Article 36

Long term constitutional amendment to Article 36 of the Constitution, providing for parliamentary ratification by absolute majority of all arms procurement contracts above a defined threshold (initially €100 million, indexed to inflation), of all foreign basing agreements, and of any treaty involving the deployment of Greek combat forces outside Article 5 NATO collective defence. Paired with the Foreign Policy Transparency Act as the statutory implementation pending the constitutional amendment. Locks in international law primacy and parliamentary control of foreign policy on a generational horizon.

  • Identification for revision in the 2027 to 2031 parliamentary term under Article 110 of the Constitution
  • Adoption in the 2031 to 2035 parliamentary term by qualified majority
  • Threshold initially €100 million, indexed to inflation

Negligible cost. Long term constitutional consolidation of Pillar 8 architecture on a generational horizon.

Envelope D. Hellenic Parliament budget.

Common Security and Principled Nonalignment Palme: with Türkiye, not against; principled voice on extraterritorial conflicts

Suspension of Achilles' Shield Israel Procurement

Suspend further disbursement under the Achilles' Shield contracts (Spyder, Barak MX, David's Sling and PULS) and any new Israeli arms procurement, pending a binding Council of State opinion on the compatibility of the procurement with Greek obligations under Article 1 of the 1948 Genocide Convention (the obligation to prevent) and EU Common Position 2008/944/CFSP. Greece has ratified the Genocide Convention since 1954. The International Court of Justice ordered provisional measures on 26 January 2024 by fifteen votes to two and on 24 May 2024 by thirteen votes to two. Spain suspended arms export licences to Israel from October 2023 under Law 53/2007 on the control of foreign trade in defence and dual use materiel, maintained the suspension through the licence freeze formalised in the Royal Decree-Law framework of 2024, and remained a NATO and EU Member State throughout. The Hague Court of Appeal followed on 12 February 2024 by ordering the Dutch government to halt F-35 parts transfers. Both rulings rest on Article 1 of the 1948 Genocide Convention (the obligation to prevent) and EU Common Position 2008/944/CFSP. The Spanish precedent establishes the administrative route; the Dutch precedent establishes the judicial route. AURIO proposes Greece take the administrative route first, through the Council of State consultative procedure, and hold the judicial route in reserve.

  • AURIO MPs file a parliamentary question on the Genocide Convention compatibility of the Achilles' Shield procurement
  • AURIO MPs seek a Council of State opinion under the consultative procedure
  • On adverse opinion, parliamentary resolution to suspend further disbursement pending revision of the contracts
  • Civil society litigation before the Council of State and the European Court of Human Rights on parallel grounds
  • Re ratification of the procurement under the proposed parliamentary threshold of the Foreign Policy Transparency Act

€200,000 over two years for legal preparation. The headline suspension on the procurement side is an approximately €3 billion (USD 3.5 billion) gross saving over the contract period (the standalone document Part 6.4 reports the gross figure). Net of contract unwind exposure and replacement air defence procurement, the saving is smaller. The Spanish (October 2023) and Hague (12 February 2024) precedents show that a NATO and EU Member State can sustain such a suspension on Article 1 Genocide Convention grounds without geopolitical catastrophe. Illustrative net arithmetic, Achilles' Shield suspension. - Gross contract value: approximately €3,000 million (USD 3,500 million, FX at filing of the Council of State consultative question). - Estimated unwind exposure: approximately €400 to 600 million (benchmark: Spanish October 2023 licence freeze under Law 53/2007). - Replacement envelope within the existing twelve year defence modernisation plan (approximately €25 billion through 2035): approximately €1,800 to 2,200 million, routed through European Sky Shield Initiative partners and existing Patriot PAC-3 lines. - Net conservative saving: approximately €200 to 800 million. - Plus: the legal standing Greece acquires as a NATO and EU Member State that honoured Article 1 of the 1948 Genocide Convention while the International Court of Justice was seized of the matter. Ranges are illustrative; final arithmetic published alongside the Council of State opinion.

Envelope I. AURIO budget plus civil society partners.

Greek Recognition of the State of Palestine

Greek recognition of the State of Palestine, on the model of Sweden (2014), Ireland and Spain (28 May 2024), Slovenia (4 June 2024), the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Portugal (21 September 2025), and France, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco and Andorra (22 September 2025). Approximately 157 of 193 UN Member States recognise as of April 2026, including approximately 15 of 27 EU Member States after the September 2025 wave. Greece does not. Each recognising state has retained NATO membership, EU membership and bilateral relations with Israel. Greek non recognition is a political choice, not a structural constraint. The Greek strategic relationship with Israel on energy, diplomatic dialogue and non military matters can continue. We are not calling for rupture. We are calling for consistency.

  • Government decision as a unilateral act, on the model of Spain May 2024
  • Parliamentary motion of support and ratification under Article 36 of the Constitution
  • Establishment of a Greek embassy or representative office in Ramallah
  • Upgrade of the Palestine Mission in Athens to embassy status

Approximately €2 million per year for embassy establishment and operation. Greece in line with longstanding EU Council Conclusions on the two state solution.

Envelope C. Greek Foreign Ministry budget.

Principled Nonalignment Doctrine

Parliamentary declaration on the doctrine of principled nonalignment, anchored on Article 5 NATO collective defence as the operational core of NATO membership, on UN Security Council authorisation as the requirement for Greek participation in offensive operations outside Article 5, on ICJ jurisdiction acceptance for all disputes to which Greece is party, and on a parliamentary ratification rule for combat deployments lasting more than thirty days. The phrase principled nonalignment carries a Cold War history of equidistance between superpowers. AURIO uses it differently and says so explicitly: the doctrine here is not equidistance between blocs but principled judgement under international law within an unqualified Article 5 commitment. The doctrine is anti adventurism, not anti NATO. The Iceland Cod Wars precedent shows that NATO membership is compatible with sustained legal disputes between Member States.

  • Parliamentary motion of support, on the model of foreign policy declarations passed by the Hellenic Parliament historically
  • Formal acceptance of ICJ jurisdiction lodged with the UN Secretary General with reservations carefully limited
  • Parliamentary ratification by absolute majority of any combat force deployment lasting more than thirty days
  • Annual Foreign Policy Report to Parliament including Greek positions in the UN Security Council and General Assembly

Negligible additional cost. Codifies and publishes existing Greek practice on non Article 5 deployments.

Envelope C. Greek Foreign Ministry budget.

Common Security Initiative with Türkiye

Initiate a Common Security Initiative with Türkiye on the Palme Commission template of 1982, comprising annual track two civil society dialogues, joint scientific research in disputed waters under the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission framework, coast guard joint exercises, joint NATO Article 4 consultation framework, and parallel parliamentary cooperation between the Hellenic Parliament and the Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. The legal track (the ICJ Maritime Delimitation Case) and the dialogue track operate in parallel, on the Iceland Cod Wars precedent.

  • Government decision on the framework; parliamentary motion of support; bilateral memorandum of understanding through the Greek Türkish Joint Commission
  • Annual track two conferences alternating between Athens and Ankara, run by ELIAMEP and the Hellenic League for Human Rights with Türkish counterparts EDAM and TEMA
  • Parallel Western Thrace civil society track: annual dialogue convened in Komotini by Muslim minority of Western Thrace civil society organisations, Democritus University of Thrace and the Hellenic League for Human Rights, on the application of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne minority provisions in 2026 terms. The Common Security Initiative with Türkiye is not credible without a Greek demonstration that the minority regime inside Greece meets the standard Greece asks Türkiye to meet
  • Joint Greek Türkish research vessels under the UNESCO framework
  • Coast guard exercises on search and rescue and environmental protection

Approximately €1 million per year. Operationalises the Palme common security framework in the Greek Türkish bilateral relationship.

Envelopes C and F. Greek Foreign Ministry budget plus CERV-2026.

EU and Capital Architecture CFSP, sovereign reserve fund, regional law centre, border regime

EU Minority Rights Compliance under Greek EU Presidencies

Every Greek presidency of an EU body (rotating Council presidency, working groups, COREPER chairs, agency boards) carries an explicit minority rights commitment. Full operational application of Council Directive 2000/43/EC on racial equality, Council Directive 2000/78/EC on equal treatment in employment, the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1995, and the annual reports of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). The Greek National Commission for Human Rights (Ethniki Epitropi gia ta Dikaiomata tou Anthropou, EEDA) submits an annual public report on application to the Muslim minority of Western Thrace under the Treaty of Lausanne 1923 and to the Roma communities under the National Strategy for Roma Inclusion 2021 to 2030. Reference points the Finnish Non Discrimination Act 1325 of 2014 and the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission Act 2014 on annual reporting. Minority protection under EU law is an obligation of presidencies, not a discretionary choice.

  • AURIO parliamentary resolution binding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs minority rights brief during every Greek presidency, anchored in Constitution Article 5 paragraph 2, the Treaty of Lausanne 1923 Articles 37 to 45, Council Directive 2000/43/EC and Council Directive 2000/78/EC
  • EEDA annual public report on minority rights application, tabled in the Hellenic Parliament Standing Committee on Public Administration, Public Order and Justice and published on Diavgeia under Law 3861 of 2010. Working with the Hellenic Ombudsman (Sinigoros tou Politi) under Law 3094 of 2003 and the Hellenic League for Human Rights
  • Greek presidency programme drafted in consultation with the Muslim minority of Western Thrace civil society organisations, the General Secretariat for Roma Inclusion, and the Greek Council for Refugees, with the FRA annual reports as the binding evidentiary baseline
  • Annual joint review by the European Commission DG JUST and the Council of Europe Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention. Non response to documented minority rights complaints triggers Hellenic Ombudsman own initiative investigation under Law 3094 of 2003

Approximately €800,000 per year for the EEDA reporting capacity uplift and the consultation programme. Greek EU presidencies carry minority rights as an obligation of the presidency role, not as a discretionary file. The minority regime inside Greece meets the standard Greece asks of every EU partner.

Envelopes F and A. CERV-2026 plus Border Management and Visa Instrument compliance line.

EU CFSP Coalition for UNCLOS Enforcement

Build a coalition within the EU Foreign Affairs Council on consistent enforcement of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea against the Türkiye Libya MOU of 27 November 2019, including coordinated diplomatic representations to all third states considering recognition, coordinated technical assistance to Greece, Cyprus and Egypt on maritime spatial planning, and EU positioning at UNESCO and the IMO. Türkiye filed a counter map at UNESCO on 17 June 2025 against the Greek Maritime Spatial Plan filed in April 2025. Coordinated EU action through CFSP, with constructive abstention available under TEU Article 31(2) where unanimity blocks arise, is the natural instrument.

  • AURIO MEPs propose an EU Foreign Affairs Council motion in the 2029 to 2034 European Parliament
  • Coalition built with Cypriot, Maltese, Spanish, French, Italian, Polish and Portuguese MEPs
  • Operationalised through the European External Action Service on adoption

Approximately €300,000 per year at AURIO MEP level. Funded primarily through EU CFSP budget via the European External Action Service.

Envelope F. EU CFSP budget through the European External Action Service.

Greek Sovereign Reserve Fund Ethical Exclusion Mechanism

Establish an Ethical Exclusion Mechanism for Greek public investment vehicles (the Hellenic Public Pension Fund EFKA, ETEAEP, the Hellenic Capital Market Commission ESG framework, and any future Greek sovereign reserve fund), modelled on the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global Council on Ethics established in 2004. Norway's fund holds approximately USD 2 trillion (21,268 billion Norwegian kroner) at end 2025 and operates a publicly accountable Council on Ethics with product based and conduct based exclusion criteria. Multiple Israeli weapons manufacturers and settlement linked companies have been excluded under the conduct based criteria. The Norwegian model demonstrates that ethical exclusion is compatible with the fiduciary mandate of a sovereign wealth fund.

  • AURIO parliamentary bill in the 2027 to 2031 term
  • Council on Ethics of seven members appointed by the Hellenic Parliament for non renewable terms
  • Product based test (nuclear weapons, anti personnel landmines, cluster munitions, tobacco, thermal coal above thresholds) and a conduct based test
  • Public publication of decisions and reasoning, binding on EFKA, ETEAEP and any future Greek sovereign reserve fund

Approximately €1.5 million per year for Council and secretariat. Implements EU Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation 2019/2088.

Envelope G. Hellenic Capital Market Commission budget plus EFKA contribution.

Hellenic International Law Centre

Establish an Hellenic International Law Centre, on the model of the Erik Castrén Institute in Helsinki and the Lauterpacht Centre in Cambridge, anchored at Democritus University of Thrace with the participation of the international law faculties of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Focus on Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea law of the sea, refugee law, EU CFSP and human rights jurisprudence, and an Annual Eastern Mediterranean Law Conference convened in Alexandroupolis from 2029 onward. The Centre supports the Greece v. Türkiye ICJ application and provides the Greek capacity for the small state legal craft Pillar 8 requires.

  • Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Regional Authority resolution; Democritus University of Thrace Senate resolution
  • Partnership memoranda with Athens and Thessaloniki international law faculties
  • Postgraduate Programme in Eastern Mediterranean Law in Greek and English
  • Annual Eastern Mediterranean Law Conference convened in Alexandroupolis from 2029

Approximately €2 million per year. The regional anchor for Pillar 8 in the AURIO home region.

Envelope B. HORIZON-CL2 plus HORIZON-CL5 plus ESPA higher education plus Greek RRP higher education sub measure plus the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation.

Evros Border Regime under International Refugee Law

Establish an integrated Evros Border Regime under the 1951 Refugee Convention, the 1967 Protocol, the EU Asylum Procedure Regulation 2024/1348 and the Greek Asylum Code (Law 4939/2022), with a Regional Administrative Court of First Instance in Alexandroupolis (administrative geometry under the Kallikrates Code, Law 3852/2010), a published Annual Border Operations Transparency Report, a Council of State legality oversight track on AMIF and BMVI use, a Hellenic Ombudsman dedicated Evros border conduct file under Law 3094/2003 with quarterly public reports on Diavgeia, and civil society standing for the Greek Council for Refugees, the Hellenic League for Human Rights, the Greek Helsinki Monitor and the Athens Bar Association. Operates alongside the Pillar 6 Reception Dignity Programme and the Pillar 12 Border Dignity Programme without duplication. Anchors the AURIO home region in the same legal architecture as the rest of the pillar.

  • Statutory amendment to Law 4939/2022 in the 2027 to 2031 parliamentary term
  • Regional Administrative Court of First Instance for Asylum and Migration in Alexandroupolis
  • Annual Border Operations Transparency Report published on Diavgeia
  • Council of State legality review track on AMIF and BMVI use, with civil society standing

Approximately €1.5 million per year for the regional court and the transparency unit. Closes the gap between Pillar 8's domestic and bilateral architecture and the EU border.

Envelopes A and H. AMIF Greek allocation approximately €312 million 2021 to 2027 plus BMVI plus the Greek Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Migration and Asylum operating budgets.

The Money

Where the money comes from.

€38.5M Five year operational deployment 2026–2030
€3bn Achilles Shield suspension saving (Proposal 6)
€250M Foreign Ministry annual budget (Pillar 8 sits within)

Pillar 8 is, on a five year horizon, fiscally net positive. Operational deployment is approximately €38.5 million across 2026 to 2030, primarily on the ICJ Maritime Delimitation Case, the Hellenic International Law Centre, the Foreign Policy Transparency Act, the Common Security Initiative, the Council of State Review, the Sovereign Reserve Fund Ethics Mechanism and the Evros Border Regime. The Achilles' Shield suspension (Proposal 6) is an approximately €3 billion (USD 3.5 billion) direct saving on the procurement side, with reallocation potential to housing (Pillar 12), healthcare (Pillar 11) and education (Pillar 5).

The funding is drawn from eight public envelopes (A to H) already committed to Greece or available to Greek applicants, plus one pillar specific envelope (I) carried by AURIO itself. The Greek Foreign Ministry annual budget of approximately €250 million, the Hellenic Parliament budget of approximately €240 million and the Hellenic Council of State budget of approximately €100 million carry the national share. HORIZON Europe (€95.5 billion 2021 to 2027), the Greek RRP (€36 billion total Greek allocation), CERV-2026, AMIF and BMVI (Greek AMIF allocation €312 million 2021 to 2027) and the Hellenic Capital Market Commission and EFKA carry the EU and capital share. Envelope I carries the AURIO Foreign Policy Charter and the Achilles' Shield review legal preparation, because Pillar 8 is the only pillar that requires AURIO itself to bind to a discipline before any state institution acts. ESPA and RRP envelopes operate at 85 per cent EU and 15 per cent national for less developed regions including Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. HORIZON-CL2 and HORIZON-CL5 operate at 100 per cent EU funding. Pillar 8 is therefore largely self financing within the existing Greek state budget envelope, with EU funds anchoring the Hellenic International Law Centre and the Evros Border Regime.

Who Applies

How to reach the envelopes below.

  1. Greek Foreign Ministry

    C

    Lead beneficiary for the Greece v. Türkiye ICJ Maritime Delimitation Case (Proposal 2), the Greek recognition of the State of Palestine (Proposal 7) including embassy establishment, the Principled Nonalignment Doctrine (Proposal 8), and the Common Security Initiative with Türkiye (Proposal 9). Annual €250 million Foreign Ministry budget plus the General Accounting Office case envelope for the ICJ application.

  2. Hellenic Parliament

    DF

    Lead beneficiary for the Foreign Policy Transparency Act (Proposal 3), the Standing Committee on Arms Exports and Procurement, and the Constitutional Amendment to Article 36 (Proposal 5). Hellenic Parliament budget plus CERV-2026 for civil society participation components.

  3. Hellenic Council of State

    E

    Lead beneficiary for the Foreign Policy Legality Review Section (Proposal 4) and consultative opinions under Proposal 6 on Genocide Convention and EU Common Position 2008/944/CFSP grounds. Council of State annual budget approximately €100 million.

  4. Democritus University of Thrace and the Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace

    B

    Lead beneficiaries for the Hellenic International Law Centre (Proposal 12), with partnership memoranda with the international law faculties of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. HORIZON-CL2, HORIZON-CL5, ESPA higher education, RRP higher education sub measure, plus the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation.

  5. Hellenic Capital Market Commission and EFKA

    G

    Lead beneficiaries for the Greek Sovereign Reserve Fund Ethical Exclusion Mechanism (Proposal 11), with a Council on Ethics of seven members appointed by the Hellenic Parliament for non renewable terms. Hellenic Capital Market Commission budget plus EFKA contribution.

  6. Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Migration and Asylum and civil society monitors

    AH

    Lead beneficiaries for the Evros Border Regime (Proposal 13), with the Regional Administrative Court of First Instance in Alexandroupolis (Kallikrates geometry) and the Annual Border Operations Transparency Report. Hellenic Ombudsman dedicated file on Evros border conduct under Law 3094/2003. Civil society standing through the Greek Council for Refugees, the Hellenic League for Human Rights, the Greek Helsinki Monitor and the Athens Bar Association. AMIF, BMVI plus operating budgets.

  7. AURIO parliamentary group and AURIO MEPs

    FI

    Parliamentary bills in the 2027 to 2031 term for the Foreign Policy Transparency Act, the Council of State Review, the Sovereign Reserve Fund Ethics Mechanism and the Evros Border Regime. AURIO MEPs in the 2029 to 2034 European Parliament for the EU CFSP Coalition for UNCLOS Enforcement (Proposal 10). AURIO internal budget (Envelope I) for the Foreign Policy Charter (Proposal 1) and the Achilles' Shield review legal preparation (Proposal 6); Envelope I is pillar specific because Pillar 8 is the only pillar that requires AURIO itself to bind to a foreign policy discipline before any law mandates it.

Steady state envelope, by proposal

Annual cost at full roll out, in € millions. Envelope letters link to the funding sources below.

Canonical proposal order, Pillar 8: 01 AURIO Foreign Policy Charter; 02 Greece v. Türkiye Maritime Delimitation Case at the ICJ; 03 Foreign Policy Transparency Act; 04 Hellenic Council of State Foreign Policy Legality Review; 05 Constitutional Amendment to Article 36; 06 Suspension of Achilles' Shield Israel Procurement; 07 Greek Recognition of the State of Palestine; 08 Principled Nonalignment Doctrine; 09 Common Security Initiative with Türkiye; 10 EU CFSP Coalition for UNCLOS Enforcement; 11 Greek Sovereign Reserve Fund Ethical Exclusion Mechanism; 12 Hellenic International Law Centre; 13 Evros Border Regime under International Refugee Law. Years one and two carry HORIZON, ESPA, RRP, AMIF and CERV bridge financing. From year three, the Greek Foreign Ministry, the Hellenic Parliament, the Hellenic Council of State and the Ministry of Justice operating budgets carry the legal craft architecture. The Achilles' Shield suspension (Proposal 6) is a one off saving of approximately €3 billion (USD 3.5 billion) on the procurement side.

EU Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) and Border Management and Visa Instrument (BMVI)

Greek AMIF allocation 2021 to 2027 approximately €312 million; combined AMIF and BMVI envelope across the period approximately €1.6 billion

  • Funds reception, integration, return and resettlement of asylum seekers; border management, equipment and IT systems.
  • AURIO Pillar 8 frames AMIF and BMVI use as a Council of State legality review object, with the Annual Border Operations Transparency Report on the UK Strategic Export Controls model and a Hellenic Ombudsman public quarterly report on Diavgeia.
Legal base
Regulation (EU) 2021/1147 (AMIF); Regulation (EU) 2021/1148 (BMVI); Law 3094/2003 (Hellenic Ombudsman); Law 3852/2010 (Kallikrates Code) for regional administrative geometry
Proposals funded
Evros Border Regime (Proposal 13) reception conditions, integration, legal aid, Hellenic Ombudsman dedicated file and Annual Border Operations Transparency Report
Who applies
Ministry of Migration and Asylum as national managing authority. Hellenic Ombudsman for the dedicated Evros border conduct file. Greek Council for Refugees, Hellenic League for Human Rights, Greek Helsinki Monitor and Athens Bar Association as civil society co applicants
Window
AMIF and BMVI annual calls through 2027. Reception conditions and integration calls open most years

HORIZON Europe 2021 to 2027 (HORIZON-CL2 culture and society and HORIZON-CL5 climate and security)

EU total allocation €95.5 billion. Pillar 8 share approximately €4 million across the Hellenic International Law Centre

  • 100 per cent EU funding model.
  • HORIZON-CL2 covers culture and society, including international law and democratic governance research.
  • HORIZON-CL5 covers climate and security, relevant to Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea law of the sea research.
Legal base
Regulation (EU) 2021/695
Proposals funded
Hellenic International Law Centre (Proposal 12) research, fellowships and Annual Eastern Mediterranean Law Conference
Who applies
Democritus University of Thrace as lead beneficiary, with the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki as partners
Window
HORIZON-CL2 and HORIZON-CL5 calls ongoing through 2027. Mid programme review 2025 onwards

Greek Foreign Ministry budget

Annual allocation approximately €250 million. Pillar 8 share approximately €14 million across the five year horizon

  • Foreign Ministry budget carries the ICJ application, the Palestine recognition and embassy establishment, the Common Security Initiative civil society dialogue, and the Principled Nonalignment Doctrine.
  • The legal directorate is the operational vehicle for the ICJ case alongside external counsel.
Legal base
Greek national budget. Constitution Articles 28 and 36
Proposals funded
Greece v. Türkiye ICJ Maritime Delimitation Case (Proposal 2), Greek Recognition of the State of Palestine (Proposal 7), Principled Nonalignment Doctrine (Proposal 8), Common Security Initiative with Türkiye (Proposal 9)
Who applies
Greek Foreign Ministry as national authority. AURIO commits to introduce the relevant lines through the annual budget process from 2027
Window
Annual Greek public budget cycle

Hellenic Parliament budget

Annual allocation approximately €240 million. Pillar 8 share approximately €4 million across the five year horizon

  • Hellenic Parliament budget carries the Standing Committee on Arms Exports and Procurement, the annual Strategic Export and Procurement Controls Report, and the Constitutional Amendment process under Article 110 of the Constitution.
Legal base
Greek national budget. Constitution Articles 36 and 110
Proposals funded
Foreign Policy Transparency Act (Proposal 3), Constitutional Amendment to Article 36 (Proposal 5)
Who applies
Hellenic Parliament as national authority. AURIO parliamentary group sponsors the bills from 2027
Window
Annual Greek public budget cycle

Hellenic Council of State budget

Annual allocation approximately €100 million. Pillar 8 share approximately €3 million across the five year horizon

  • Council of State budget carries the new Foreign Policy Legality Section under Article 95 of the Constitution and the Council of State Procedural Code, with civil society standing under Code of Civil Procedure Article 64.
Legal base
Greek national budget. Constitution Article 95. Council of State Procedural Code (Presidential Decree 18/1989)
Proposals funded
Foreign Policy Legality Review Section (Proposal 4); consultative opinions under Proposal 6 on Genocide Convention compatibility
Who applies
Hellenic Council of State as national authority
Window
Annual Greek public budget cycle

Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values Programme (CERV-2026) and EU Common Foreign and Security Policy budget

CERV-2026 EU total programme €1.55 billion 2021 to 2027. Pillar 8 share approximately €3 million across the five year horizon plus EU CFSP budget for the EEAS line

  • CERV-2026 supports rights and dignity components: civil society dialogue with Türkish counterparts, parliamentary participation in the Standing Committee, and citizens engagement in foreign policy review.
  • EU CFSP budget supports the Foreign Affairs Council coalition through the European External Action Service.
Legal base
Regulation (EU) 2021/692 (CERV); TEU Articles 24 to 31 (CFSP)
Proposals funded
Common Security Initiative with Türkiye (Proposal 9) civil society dialogue including the Western Thrace minority track; Foreign Policy Transparency Act (Proposal 3) civil society participation; EU CFSP Coalition for UNCLOS Enforcement (Proposal 10) operational
Who applies
Civil society organisations and universities, often with municipal co applicants. Bodossaki PLATO intermediary for Greek civil society access. EU External Action Service for the EU CFSP Coalition
Window
Annual CERV calls. PLATO cycle: next Bodossaki call expected 2026. Networks of Towns call deadline 16 April 2026

Hellenic Capital Market Commission and EFKA

Pillar 8 share approximately €4 million across the Sovereign Reserve Fund Ethical Exclusion Mechanism

  • Mechanism modelled on the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global Council on Ethics established 2004.
  • Product based test (nuclear weapons, anti personnel landmines, cluster munitions, tobacco, thermal coal above thresholds) and conduct based test (severe and systematic human rights violations, severe environmental damage, gross corruption, severe violations of individual rights in war or conflict situations).
Legal base
Hellenic Capital Market Commission framework. EU Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation 2019/2088. Genocide Convention Article 1. ECHR positive obligations. EU Council Conclusions on responsible business conduct
Proposals funded
Greek Sovereign Reserve Fund Ethical Exclusion Mechanism (Proposal 11), Council on Ethics secretariat, decisions and reasoning publication
Who applies
Hellenic Capital Market Commission as administrator. EFKA, ETEAEP and any future Greek sovereign reserve fund as the in scope vehicles. Council on Ethics of seven members appointed by Hellenic Parliament
Window
Annual budget cycle

Greek Recovery and Resilience Plan plus Greek Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Migration and Asylum operating budgets

Total Greek RRP allocation €36 billion. Pillar 8 share approximately €2 million plus operating budget contribution

  • RRP component for digital justice and higher education infrastructure carries the operational set up of the Hellenic International Law Centre.
  • Operating budgets carry the steady state of the Regional Administrative Court of First Instance and the Border Operations Transparency Report from year three onwards.
Legal base
Regulation (EU) 2021/241 (RRP). Greek national budget. Law 4939/2022 (Greek Asylum Code)
Proposals funded
Hellenic International Law Centre digital justice infrastructure (Proposal 12). Evros Border Regime (Proposal 13) Regional Administrative Court of First Instance and Annual Transparency Report
Who applies
Ministry of Justice plus Ministry of Migration and Asylum as national authorities. Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace as host
Window
RRP spending deadline under active negotiation with the Commission. Annual Greek public budget cycle

AURIO internal budget plus civil society partners (Pillar 8 specific envelope)

Approximately €5,000 per electoral cycle for the Foreign Policy Charter; €200,000 over two years for the Achilles' Shield review legal preparation

  • Envelope I is pillar specific.
  • The standard funding map across AURIO pillars runs A to H on public envelopes.
  • Pillar 8 adds I because foreign policy is the only pillar that requires AURIO itself to bind to a discipline (the Foreign Policy Charter) and to fund a pre electoral legal preparation (the Achilles' Shield Council of State opinion preparation) before any state institution acts.
  • The party that proposes parliamentary ratification of arms procurement applies that test to its own positions; the party that proposes Council of State review invites that review on its own draft proposals; the party that proposes Common Security with Türkiye leads the civil society dialogue itself.
Legal base
AURIO Statute under Articles 78 to 107 of the Greek Civil Code. Law 4023/2011 on political parties
Proposals funded
AURIO Foreign Policy Charter (Proposal 1). Achilles' Shield review legal preparation (Proposal 6)
Who applies
AURIO Executive Committee through the Foreign Policy Officer. Greek Helsinki Monitor, Hellenic League for Human Rights and Greek Council for Refugees as civil society partners on the Achilles' Shield review
Window
Continuous
What Changes For You

The payoff is local, measurable, and soon.

  1. International law is the operational substrate of Greek foreign policy.

    Article 28 of the Constitution places the generally acknowledged rules of international law and ratified treaties above contrary statute. AURIO Pillar 8 implements that principle in the Foreign Policy Transparency Act, the Council of State Foreign Policy Legality Review and the ICJ Maritime Delimitation Case. The instruments are already in the Greek constitutional toolkit. The political will to use them is what Pillar 8 supplies.

  2. NATO Article 5 is the operational core of Greek alliance membership.

    AURIO commits to Greek participation in Article 5 collective defence without qualification. Principled nonalignment applies to operations outside Article 5: Greek combat forces deploy on UN Security Council authorisation as a default, with parliamentary ratification by absolute majority for any deployment lasting more than thirty days. The doctrine is anti adventurism, not anti NATO. The Iceland Cod Wars precedent shows that NATO membership is compatible with sustained legal disputes between Member States.

  3. The Greek case on the Aegean is built as ICJ legal craft, not as bilateral political process indefinitely.

    The Greece v. Türkiye Maritime Delimitation Case is anchored on UNCLOS Articles 74, 83 and 121, the equidistance and relevant circumstances doctrine, the Norway v. Denmark Jan Mayen judgment of 14 June 1993, and Article 38 of the ICJ Statute. Whether Türkiye accepts jurisdiction or refuses, the application advances the Greek position. South Africa v. Israel demonstrates that small to middle power legal practice can constrain larger adversaries through ICJ contentious jurisdiction.

  4. Arms procurement above €100 million is ratified by Parliament and reviewed by the Council of State.

    The Foreign Policy Transparency Act implements Article 36 of the Constitution in the contemporary context. A Standing Committee on Arms Exports and Procurement of fifteen MPs sits in the Hellenic Parliament. An annual Strategic Export and Procurement Controls Report is published on the UK model. The Council of State delivers binding legality opinions on Genocide Convention, ECHR and EU Common Position 2008/944/CFSP grounds. Civil society stands under Code of Civil Procedure Article 64.

Go Deeper

The research behind the policy.

Where it has worked.

Eastern Mediterranean and the Greek EU border, Greece

From 2026

Greek legal architecture at the EU border.

The Eastern Mediterranean and Thrace concentrate the densest cluster of European strategic infrastructure on Greek territory: the operational FSRU at Alexandroupolis carries gas to Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia and Ukraine; the Souda Bay base in Crete and the Larissa NATO Forward Land Forces command carry the Greek alliance contribution; the entire Aegean is the sea border of the European Union with Türkiye. The Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace runs at GDP per capita approximately 60 per cent of the Greek average.

Pillar 8 anchors three proposals in the geography where Greek legal architecture meets the neighbourhood first. The Hellenic International Law Centre (Proposal 12) hosts the Annual Eastern Mediterranean Law Conference from 2029 onwards, in partnership with Democritus University of Thrace, the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The Common Security Initiative with Türkiye (Proposal 9) opens its annual track two civil society dialogue between Athens and Ankara, with a parallel Western Thrace minority track convened in Komotini. The Evros Border Regime (Proposal 13) establishes a Regional Administrative Court of First Instance for Asylum and Migration under Law 4939/2022. The architecture is designed to replicate to every Greek border space where trust in international law must become operational reality.

The Hague, International Court of Justice

2024 to present

South Africa, without preponderant military or economic weight, used the ICJ contentious jurisdiction to constrain a state backed by the United States.

On 29 December 2023 the Republic of South Africa filed an application instituting proceedings against the State of Israel before the International Court of Justice, alleging violations of the 1948 Genocide Convention in respect of the Gaza Strip. South Africa relied on Article 9 of the Genocide Convention as the basis of jurisdiction. The Court ordered provisional measures on 26 January 2024, by fifteen votes to two, requiring Israel to take all measures within its power to prevent acts contrary to the Genocide Convention. Further provisional measures of 24 May 2024 ordered Israel, by thirteen votes to two, to halt the Rafah offensive.

By April 2026, multiple states had filed declarations of intervention under Article 63 of the ICJ Statute, including Nicaragua, Libya, Colombia, Mexico, Spain, Belize, Maldives, Bolivia, Türkiye, Chile, Ireland, Egypt, Cuba, Honduras and Uruguay. The case is the paradigm modern instance of small to middle power legal practice in the Koskenniemi sense. For AURIO, the case is the direct template for a Greece v. Türkiye Maritime Delimitation application: same instrument, different convention.

Madrid, Dublin, Oslo and beyond, EU and NATO Member States

May 2024 to September 2025

Recognition is compatible with NATO membership, EU membership and bilateral relations with Israel.

On 28 May 2024 Ireland, Norway and Spain announced the recognition of the State of Palestine. On 21 September 2025 the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Portugal recognised on the eve of the UN General Assembly's eightieth session. On 22 September 2025 France, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco and Andorra announced recognition; Belgium announced political intent on conditional terms.

Total recognising states by April 2026 reached approximately 157 of 193 UN Member States, equal to roughly 81 per cent. Within the EU, approximately 15 of 27 Member States recognise. Greece does not. The recognition wave establishes that recognition is compatible with NATO membership (UK, France, Norway, Canada), with EU membership (Spain, Ireland, France, Belgium), with bilateral relations with Israel (each recognising state retains those relations), and with the Abraham Accords frame. Greek non recognition is a political choice, not a structural constraint.

Madrid, Spain

October 2023 onward

A NATO and EU Member State suspended arms exports to a respondent state in ICJ genocide proceedings, on Genocide Convention and EU Common Position grounds, and survived.

The Spanish government, under Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, suspended arms export licences to Israel from October 2023 and reinforced the position with measures including the blocking of weapons transit across Spanish ports. The suspension was justified on Genocide Convention obligations and on EU Common Position 2008/944/CFSP criterion two (respect for human rights and international humanitarian law).

The Spanish position was sustained politically, including against United States pressure, and was followed by the recognition of Palestine in May 2024. For AURIO, the Spanish precedent is the template for the suspension of the Achilles' Shield procurement pending Council of State Genocide Convention opinion (Proposal 6). The same procedural test applies in Greece on the same legal grounds.

The Hague, Netherlands Court of Appeal

12 February 2024

Arms export decisions are not solely within executive prerogative; they are subject to judicial review on Genocide Convention and IHL grounds.

The Court of Appeal of The Hague, in a judgment of 12 February 2024, ordered the Dutch government to cease the export of F-35 parts to Israel within seven days of the judgment, on the grounds that there was a clear risk that the parts could be used in serious violations of international humanitarian law in Gaza. The Court relied on EU Common Position 2008/944/CFSP, on Article 6(3) of the EU Arms Trade Treaty, on the Genocide Convention obligations of the Netherlands, and on the constitutional duty of the executive to comply with international humanitarian law.

The Dutch government appealed; the Hoge Raad partially reversed on procedural grounds in late 2024, but the substantive principle (judicial review of arms export decisions is justiciable in EU Member State courts) survived. For AURIO, the Hague precedent is the template for the Hellenic Council of State Foreign Policy Legality Review (Proposal 4) and for civil society standing in arms procurement decisions.

Oslo, Norway

Since 2004

A sovereign wealth fund can operate with explicit ethical exclusion criteria without compromising its fiduciary mandate.

The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global, with assets under management of approximately USD 2 trillion (21,268 billion Norwegian kroner) at end 2025, is the world's largest sovereign wealth fund. The Council on Ethics, established in 2004, advises Norges Bank Investment Management on exclusion of companies on a product based test (nuclear weapons, anti personnel landmines, cluster munitions, tobacco, thermal coal above thresholds) and a conduct based test (severe and systematic human rights violations, severe environmental damage, gross corruption, severe violations of individual rights in war or conflict situations).

Multiple Israeli weapons manufacturers and settlement linked companies have been excluded under the conduct based criteria. The Council operates under public criteria, publishes its decisions, and operates at arm's length from Norges Bank Investment Management. For AURIO, the Norwegian model is the template for the Greek Sovereign Reserve Fund Ethical Exclusion Mechanism (Proposal 11), applied to EFKA, ETEAEP, the Hellenic Capital Market Commission ESG framework and any future Greek sovereign reserve fund.

Vienna, Austria

26 October 1955

Principled independent judgement is compatible with EU membership and active multilateralism.

The Austrian Federal Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 26 October 1955 declared Austria perpetually neutral. The declaration followed the Austrian State Treaty of 15 May 1955, by which the four Allied powers ended their occupation in exchange for Austrian neutrality. Austria joined the European Union in 1995 while preserving constitutional neutrality. Vienna hosts the International Atomic Energy Agency, the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and major OSCE and OPEC headquarters.

Austria participates in EU PESCO and Common Security and Defence Policy on a case by case basis without compromising the neutrality framework. The Austrian model is not directly transferable to Greece: Greece's NATO membership since 1952, geographical position on the EU eastern frontier and Türkiye relationship preclude full neutrality. The Austrian model nonetheless establishes the principled independent judgement model that informs Pillar 8 and is operationalised in the Principled Nonalignment Doctrine (Proposal 8).

The Hague, Norway and Denmark, ICJ

14 June 1993

Islands generate maritime zones; equidistance is the starting point; relevant circumstances may adjust the line.

In the Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen case, the International Court of Justice delivered judgment on 14 June 1993, delimiting the continental shelf and the fisheries zone between Greenland (Denmark) and Jan Mayen (Norway). The Court applied the equidistance and relevant circumstances method, beginning with an equidistance line and then adjusting it to take account of the disparity in coast lengths (Greenland's coast is approximately nine times longer than Jan Mayen's) and the access of Denmark to fisheries resources.

The judgment is the foundational modern statement of the equidistance and relevant circumstances doctrine for the delimitation of a continental shelf and fisheries zone between opposite coasts where one is a small island. The reasoning is directly applicable to Greece and Türkiye in respect of the Greek islands of the eastern Aegean and the Anatolian coast. The Greek position rests on this doctrine. The Türkiye position rejects the islands generate maritime zones rule. The ICJ on 14 June 1993 sided with the small island. For AURIO, the Jan Mayen case is the methodological precedent for the Greece v. Türkiye Maritime Delimitation Case (Proposal 2).

Reykjavik, Iceland

1958 to 1976

Small state legal craft, backed by alliance leverage, can produce substantive change against a great power adversary in the same alliance.

Three confrontations between Iceland and the United Kingdom over fisheries jurisdiction took place in 1958 to 1961 (twelve nautical mile zone), 1972 to 1973 (fifty nautical mile zone) and 1975 to 1976 (200 nautical mile zone). Iceland progressively extended its fisheries jurisdiction, ultimately to 200 nautical miles, against UK opposition, and won each successive confrontation.

Iceland's instruments were a combination of legal argumentation under UNCLOS predecessor instruments (the four 1958 Geneva Conventions on the law of the sea, the third UN conference 1973 to 1982), unilateral coastal state action backed by international diplomacy, and NATO leverage (the threat to withdraw from NATO and to close the United States Keflavík base). The combination produced a small NATO Member State successfully asserting maritime jurisdiction against a much larger NATO Member State. For AURIO, the Cod Wars are the direct template for the Greek strategic playbook on the Aegean: legal argumentation through ICJ, EU CFSP coalition, and NATO Article 4 consultation track combined.

The deeper argument.

The Greek statutory record of European commitments is named explicitly. Law 945 of 1979 ratified accession to the European Communities. Law 2077 of 1992 ratified the Treaty of Maastricht. Law 3671 of 2008 ratified the Treaty of Lisbon. Law 4063 of 2012 ratified the European Stability Mechanism Treaty. Law 4336 of 2015 transposed the Third Adjustment Programme. Law 4472 of 2017 transposed the medium term fiscal framework. Pillar 8's proposals operate inside this legislative dossier, not against it. Constitution Article 28 paragraphs 2 and 3 supplies the basis for the transfer of competences; what Pillar 8 demands is the full operational use of that basis, not its revision. Reference points the Portuguese Lei 43 of 2006 on parliamentary scrutiny of European Union affairs and the Danish Europaudvalget mandate system in continuous use since 1973. The Greek route is to use the architecture the country has already legislated, with the legal craft a small to medium European state requires.

The 2010 to 2018 memoranda decade compounded the pattern rather than caused it. Under the successive Memoranda of Understanding with the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, Greek fiscal discretion was supervised and defence procurement was treated as a protected line outside the adjustment. The US and Israeli supplier track, already dominant, was entrenched further because the supervisory architecture did not touch it and because the Greek legal craft capacity that would have audited it was not resourced. AURIO treats the memoranda decade as diagnosis, not as grievance: the foreign policy pattern Pillar 8 addresses is the pattern the memoranda decade locked in.

Greece in 2026 occupies one of the most exposed strategic positions in the European Union and one of the least examined in democratic public debate. The Hellenic Republic spends approximately €7.1 billion on defence in 2024, equivalent to 3.08 per cent of GDP, the third highest figure in NATO behind only Poland and the United States. Greek defence spending rose again in 2025 to approximately USD 8.4 billion in real terms, an increase of 5.6 per cent on the previous year. A twelve year defence modernisation plan committed to approximately €25 billion has been authorised by successive governments. Within this envelope, an approximately €3 billion air defence package (equivalent to roughly USD 3.5 billion) known as Achilles' Shield, purchased from Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries, has proceeded with parliamentary approval together with a €650 million PULS rocket artillery contract with Elbit Systems. These deals have proceeded while the State of Israel has been the respondent in genocide proceedings before the International Court of Justice (provisional measures order of 26 January 2024, fifteen votes to two, and Rafah halt order of 24 May 2024, thirteen votes to two), and while approximately fifteen of twenty seven European Union Member States have recognised the State of Palestine. Greece does not recognise.

At the same time, Greece's two most important external dossiers, the Aegean and East Mediterranean maritime delimitation dispute with the Republic of Türkiye, and the migration regime in Evros, remain politically managed in modes that the Greek constitutional architecture itself does not require. Article 28 of the Constitution places the generally acknowledged rules of international law and ratified treaties above contrary statute. Greece has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea by Law 2321/1995. Türkiye has not ratified UNCLOS. The legal route to delimitation, the contentious jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under Article 36 of the Court's Statute, has never been used by Greece against Türkiye on the merits since the 1976 Aegean Sea Continental Shelf case. The instrument is in the constitutional toolkit. The political will to use it has been absent.

Greece does not have a foreign policy gap because it lacks weight in international affairs. It has weight: a permanent seat on the United Nations Human Rights Council in successive mandates, a high contribution to the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, the third highest defence spend in NATO, the operational FSRU at Alexandroupolis, the Souda Bay base, the Larissa NATO Forward Land Forces command, and the entire Aegean as the sea border of the European Union with Türkiye. Greece has a foreign policy gap because its policy has historically been organised around two poles: an American security guarantee track (NATO membership, US base diplomacy, Israeli technical alliance, defence procurement from US and Israeli suppliers) and a bilateral diplomatic track with Türkiye that proceeds outside the international legal architecture. Between these two poles, the third dimension of foreign policy practice, the patient legal craft through which a small to medium state asserts its position by argumentation in courts, in treaties and in international fora, has had no policy home and no resourced capacity.

Pillar 8 is the AURIO programme to close that gap. The pillar argues, with Hugo Grotius in 1625, that international law is the operational substrate of foreign policy for a small to medium state that does not possess preponderant military or economic weight. It argues, with Olof Palme in 1982, that security in a shared region cannot be sought against the neighbour but only with the neighbour, through co operative undertakings: Common Security as Greek doctrine in respect of Türkiye. And it argues, with Martti Koskenniemi from 1989 onward, that the legal craft itself, the patient practice of moving competently between the registers of state interest and shared values, is the principal foreign policy instrument of a small to medium state.

The pillar runs on four connected levers. First, an AURIO Foreign Policy Charter binding the party and its representatives to international law primacy and principled nonalignment. Second, a Greece v. Türkiye Maritime Delimitation Case at the International Court of Justice on the Aegean and East Mediterranean. Third, a Foreign Policy Transparency Act requiring parliamentary ratification of arms procurement above €100 million and standing review by the Council of State on Genocide Convention and human rights compliance. Fourth, a Common Security Initiative with Türkiye and a regional Eastern Mediterranean Law architecture anchored in Alexandroupolis. The fourteen proposals operationalise these levers inside the existing Greek constitutional and legal framework and on the AURIO electoral timetable: 2027 nationally, 2028 in Alexandroupolis, 2029 in Strasbourg and Brussels.

The pillar binds AURIO before it binds the Greek state. The AURIO Foreign Policy Charter goes beyond every Greek party rule. The party that proposes parliamentary ratification of arms procurement applies that test to its own foreign policy positions; the party that proposes Council of State review invites that review on its own draft proposals; the party that proposes Common Security with Türkiye leads the civil society dialogue itself. AURIO commits to all three.

The AURIO project on foreign policy is to make international law the operational substrate of Greek diplomacy, to seek security with Türkiye not against, and to build the legal craft capacity that a small to medium European state requires in 2026. The instruments to do this are already in place. The political will is what Pillar 8 is for.

Greece is a European sovereign state. It will act like one.

References

Sources cited in this paper. Read more
  • Sen, A. "Development as Freedom" (Knopf, 1999)
  • Fanon, F. "Black Skin, White Masks" (Éditions du Seuil, 1952); "The Wretched of the Earth" (François Maspero, 1961)
  • Grotius, H. "Mare Liberum" (Leiden, 1609)
  • Grotius, H. "De Iure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres" (Paris, 1625)
  • Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues (Palme Commission). "Common Security: A Programme for Disarmament" (25 April 1982)
  • Koskenniemi, M. "From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument" (Lakimiesliiton Kustannus, 1989; Cambridge University Press, 2005)
  • Koskenniemi, M. "The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870 to 1960" (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
  • Koskenniemi, M. "The Politics of International Law" (Hart, 2011)
  • Koskenniemi, M. "To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth: Legal Imagination and International Power 1300 to 1870" (Cambridge University Press, 2021)
  • International Court of Justice. "Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel)". Provisional Measures Orders, 26 January 2024 and 24 May 2024
  • International Court of Justice. "Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway)". Judgment of 14 June 1993
  • International Court of Justice. "Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. Malta)". Judgment of 3 June 1985
  • International Court of Justice. "Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia)". Judgment of 19 November 2012
  • International Court of Justice. "North Sea Continental Shelf cases". Judgment of 20 February 1969
  • The Hague Court of Appeal. "Oxfam Novib and Others v. State of the Netherlands (F-35 parts)". Judgment of 12 February 2024
  • Norges Bank Investment Management. "Exclusion of Companies" (nbim.no)
  • Federal Law on the Neutrality of Austria, 26 October 1955
  • Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, Articles 27, 28, 36, 95, 110
  • UN Charter (1945); Statute of the International Court of Justice (1945); Genocide Convention (1948, Greek ratification 1954); Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969); UNCLOS (1982, Greek ratification by Law 2321/1995); North Atlantic Treaty (1949, Greek ratification 1952)
  • TEU Articles 21 to 31 (Common Foreign and Security Policy); TEU Article 42(7) (mutual defence); TFEU Article 207 (Common Commercial Policy); EU Common Position 2008/944/CFSP; EU Dual Use Regulation 2021/821; UN Arms Trade Treaty 2013 (Greek ratification 2016)
  • Greek laws: 4023/2011 (political parties); 2321/1995 (UNCLOS ratification); 4485/2017 (higher education, basis for the Hellenic International Law Centre); 4939/2022 (Asylum Code); Council of State Procedural Code (Presidential Decree 18/1989)
  • European Parliament. "Greek Defence Spending Briefing" (2025)
  • European Parliament. "CFSP Reform Report A-10-2025-0010"
  • Greek Reporter. "Greece Defense Spending 2025" (April 2026)
  • NATO. "NATO Secretary General Annual Report 2025"
  • Atlas Institute. "Contested Waters: Turkey's Maritime Disputes and Regional Implications" (July 2025)
  • AURIO. "Pillar 8. European Sovereignty and Foreign Policy: From Client State Defence Procurement to International Law as Operational Substrate" (April 2026). Full standalone document including 14 proposals with the nine field structure, eight international cases, nine funding envelopes, five year cash flow projection, risk analysis and appendices on the Greek and EU legal framework

This policy needs people.

Not promises. Not consultants. People who show up.