Pillar 12

From Conditional Aid to a Social Floor

The Greek minimum guaranteed income reaches 1.6 per cent of households at €200 a month. Of the roughly 660,000 Greeks who emigrated abroad between 2010 and 2023, approximately 420,000 have already returned, a ~64 per cent reversal of the brain drain the memoranda triggered. AURIO will rebuild the social floor under every resident, in cash where cash is needed and in kind where it is not, conditional only on residence and need, so returning and staying Greeks share the same ground.

Inspired by Amartya Sen, Alex Kentikelenis, Guy Standing, Frances Fox Piven, Richard Cloward, Olli Kangas & Karl Polanyi

Press Q T C P M W E to jump to a section. B to go back.

Keyboard shortcuts on this page: Q jumps to The Problem, T to The Thinking, C to The Proof, P to The Proposals, M to Where the Money Comes From, W to What Changes for You, E to Go Deeper, and B returns to the Programme index.

The Problem

Article 21 promises dignity. KEA pays €200. Three memoranda cut what was supposed to hold.

€200 KEA single adult floor, far below the cost of a winter month
162,020 Households on KEA, March 2025, ~1.6 per cent of all households
19.0% Greek households unable to keep home adequately warm, 2024
~420,000 Greeks who returned from abroad 2010–2023, ~64% reversal of the brain drain (Ministry of Labour, 2025)
The Thinking

Who argued this, and why it holds.

Amartya Sen, Alex Kentikelenis, Guy Standing, Frances Fox Piven, Richard Cloward, Olli Kangas & Karl Polanyi

A social floor is the institutional form of society protecting itself.

Karl Polanyi, in 'The Great Transformation' (Farrar and Rinehart, 1944), is the founding statement of the case that labour, land and money are fictitious commodities: they are not produced for sale, and treating them as commodities annihilates the human and natural substance of the society they are taken from. The market expansion of the nineteenth century met a counter movement of social self protection: factory legislation, trade unions, social insurance, public health. A social floor, in Polanyi's frame, is not charity. It is the institutional form of society protecting itself.

Frances Fox Piven, with Richard Cloward, wrote 'Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare' (Pantheon, 1971; expanded Vintage 1993). The thesis: welfare in modern capitalist economies is administered cyclically. Relief expands when the political order is destabilised by the unemployed and the poor; it contracts when the labour market needs the same population to work at any wage. Piven's later 'Poor People's Movements' (1977) extends the argument: a social floor is a political achievement, defended by a social movement, eroded the moment that movement weakens.

Guy Standing, co founder of the Basic Income Earth Network in 1986, gives the operational form. 'The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class' (Bloomsbury, 2011) names a class characterised by labour, employment, job, work, skill reproduction, income and representation insecurity. 'Basic Income: And How We Can Make It Happen' (Pelican, 2017) prescribes the institutional answer: a regular, individual, unconditional cash payment that floors the household budget and protects the recipient from domination by employers, spouses, landlords and the welfare state itself.

Polanyi tells us why a social floor must exist. Piven tells us who in the political economy will defend it and who will fight against it. Standing tells us what its operational form should be. AURIO Pillar 12 takes all three seriously.

The idea of a self adjusting market implied a stark utopia. Such an institution could not exist for any length of time without annihilating the human and natural substance of society.

Karl Polanyi
The Proof

This is not theory. It runs somewhere today.

€200 KEA single adult floor, March 2025
vs
€543 Average Spanish IMV per household, March 2026

The Spanish minimum income reaches 829,399 households at €543 a month average. The Greek minimum reaches 162,020 households at €200. The cost of living is comparable. The political settlement is not.

The Proposals

What we will do. Concretely.

Cash Floor Standing's basic income, Polanyi's protection from the market

OPEKA EFKA One Stop Shop, Ten City National Rollout

The OPEKA (Organismos Proniakon Epidomaton kai Koinonikis Allilengyis) and EFKA (Elektronikos Ethnikos Foreas Koinonikis Asfalisis) joint window (one stop shop, existing framework Law 4387 of 2016 Articles 51 to 53 as amended by Law 4670 of 2020) deploys in a first wave of ten municipalities, selected for vulnerability index and for geographical spread: Alexandroupolis (Alexandroupolis, 2028 mayoral vehicle); Kozani (Kozani, just transition); Ioannina (Ioannina, Epirus mountain anchor); Larissa (Larissa, Thessaly plain); Patras (Patras, western mainland); Kalamata (Kalamata, Peloponnese); Heraklion (Heraklion, Crete); Mytilene (Mytilene, North Aegean); Chios (Chios, North Aegean island second site); Peristeri and Nikaia (Peristeri kai Nikaia, urban under served Attica municipalities). The eleventh through twentieth municipalities are added by Diavgeia open call, with the selection criterion the income vulnerability index of the KEA OPEKA registry as of 2024. Reference point the Finnish Kela (Kansaneläkelaitos) one stop shop reform of 2017 with regional phasing. Pillar 12 is the benchmark for cross programme rebalance: the social security pillar itself spans Thrace, Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, the Peloponnese, Crete, the North Aegean and Attica in its first wave, not as exception but as standard.

What we'll do
  • Joint memorandum among OPEKA, EFKA, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs and the ten pilot municipalities, anchored in Law 4387 of 2016 Articles 51 to 53 as amended by Law 4670 of 2020, plus Law 4488 of 2017 on social welfare bodies and Law 4837 of 2021 on the Ministry of Labour
  • Each pilot municipality hosts an integrated OPEKA EFKA branch with a single intake counter for KEA, the Pension Solidarity Floor, the Carer Allowance, the Energy Poverty Top Up, the Disability Support uplift and the Refugee Dignity programme, plus AADE income data integration through the gov.gr authentication framework
  • Eleventh through twentieth municipalities added by Diavgeia open call published one full year before each opening, with selection criterion scored on the income vulnerability index of the KEA OPEKA registry. Selection by open call under Law 4412 of 2016 Article 32
  • Quarterly public reporting on Diavgeia under Law 3861 of 2010 with comparable indicators across all ten pilot municipalities (decision time, denial rate, branch service dignity index, accessibility of digital application paths). Cases of refusal or material delay referable to the Hellenic Ombudsman under Law 3094 of 2003
  • Cross site peer learning through ESF Plus social inclusion strands and the EU Social Protection Committee peer review programme. The ten cities operate as a single national learning network, not as separate regional pilots
Outcome

Approximately EUR 12 million per year across the ten city network for the integrated branch operations and the AADE data integration. The benchmark pillar of the AURIO programme delivers across the actual Greek geography (Thrace, Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, the Peloponnese, Crete, the North Aegean, Attica) within the first electoral term.

Funded by

Envelopes A, E and D. Greek state budget plus RRP component 3.4 plus ESF Plus.

Three Village Basic Income Pilot

A two year, three village basic income pilot in Aisymi, Ferres and one Rhodope foothill village, modelled on the Maricá Mumbuca scheme. Every adult resident receives a flat €200 a month for 24 months, paid through a Greek cooperative bank account or, where no bank access, a complementary local payment instrument issued by the cooperative. Independent evaluation partner Democritus University social policy department, with a matched control of three similar villages. The Greek Maricá.

What we'll do
  • Joint resolution of the participating municipalities within the first 100 days of an AURIO mayoral term in 2028
  • Eligibility: every adult resident with at least 12 months of registered residence at the start of the pilot
  • Payment: €200 a month for 24 months, channel cooperative bank or complementary local instrument
  • Independent evaluation by Democritus University social policy department, matched control of three similar villages
Outcome

Pilot population approximately 1,500 adults across three villages. Two year cash cost €7.2 million. Greek evidence base for a national programme.

Funded by

Envelopes A and H. RRP component 3.4 social inclusion line plus municipal budget contribution.

KEA Reform and Uplift

Restructure the Greek minimum guaranteed income (Ελάχιστο Εγγυημένο Εισόδημα) into a national social floor benefit. Raise the single adult floor from €200 to €400 a month, the additional adult component from €100 to €150, the per child component from €50 to €100. Simplify the application, reduce conditionality, extend coverage to all legal residents with at least 12 months registered residence (the Spanish Ingreso Mínimo Vital threshold under Law 19 of 2021). The €400 floor is calibrated as a convergence target to the Spanish IMV at €543 per household average, adjusted for Greek median income. A catching up exercise, not a radical break. School attendance for children and DYPA registration for working age adults are the only conditions, and they exist to keep adjacent systems honest, not to gate the cash. Article 21 honoured in operational form, not aspiration. The dignity income reform and the KEA uplift cover all legal residents without national filter beyond the existing residence time requirements. Legal base: Constitution Article 22 paragraph 5 and Article 25 paragraph 1, Council Directive 2003/109/EC, and Law 4251 of 2014 (Greek Migration Code). Reference points the Spanish Ingreso Mínimo Vital under Real Decreto ley 20 of 2020 (consolidated by Law 19 of 2021) with explicit long term resident coverage, the Portuguese Rendimento Social de Inserção under Lei 13 of 2003 with the same clause, and the Italian Assegno di Inclusione 2024 with residence conditions that follow Council Directive 2003/109/EC. This three reference defence is the political defence of the clause.

What we'll do
  • AURIO parliamentary bill 2027 or 2028 amending Law 4520 of 2018
  • Application available in person at OPEKA branches, at municipal social service offices, and digitally
  • Conditionalities reduced to school attendance for school age children and DYPA registration for working age adults available for work
  • No sanctions on first review. Graduated supports thereafter
Outcome

Approximate annual envelope €1.4 billion at full roll out, against the present roughly €450 million annual cost. Article 21 honoured in operational terms for the working age population.

Funded by

Envelopes A, B and G. RRP component 3.4 plus ESF+ accompanying activation services plus reallocation within OPEKA budget.

Pension Solidarity Floor

Raise the OPEKA uninsured elderly solidarity allowance from €360 to €600 a month, and introduce a national pension top up so that no person aged 67 or over with a contributory record of any length receives a total monthly pension below the EU at risk of poverty threshold for a single adult in Greece. Computed automatically by EFKA against AADE data, no separate application. Reference points the Italian integrazione al minimo and the Spanish complemento a mínimos. The constitutional commitment to the elderly without means delivered, not promised.

What we'll do
  • AURIO parliamentary bill 2027 or 2028 amending Law 4387 of 2016
  • Uninsured elderly solidarity allowance €600 a month, payable from 67 onwards, residence and means test maintained
  • Pension top up that lifts every elderly pensioner above the at risk of poverty threshold, recalibrated annually
  • Automatic payment, computed by EFKA against AADE data, no separate application required
Outcome

Approximately €700 million per year at full roll out. The constitutional commitment to the elderly without means delivered.

Funded by

Envelopes A and G. RRP component 3.4 contribution year one and two plus state pension reserve and EFKA budget.

Carer Allowance and Care Work Recognition

A national carer allowance, payable to any person providing at least 35 hours a week of unpaid care for a relative or household member with a recognised disability or chronic condition, set at €800 a month, with social insurance contributions paid by the state on behalf of the carer. Phased intake by disability category over three years to manage KEPA throughput: severe disability in year one, moderate in year two, chronic conditions in year three. Reference points the UK Carer's Allowance and Italian Law 104 of 1992. The cash arithmetic: €800 a month times twelve months times 100,000 carers gives €960 million plus ~€240 million in employer side EFKA contributions, totalling €1.2 billion. The demand elasticity argument: ~900,000 Greek adults have a recognised KEPA disability rating. If 20 per cent attract an eligible cohabiting carer the figure could reach 180,000 claimants and €2.1 billion at full saturation. The phased intake holds the line. Polanyi's diagnosis paid as a cost, not absorbed as a free input.

What we'll do
  • AURIO parliamentary bill 2027 or 2028 establishing the carer allowance under OPEKA, with phased intake over three years
  • Year one cap: 40,000 severe disability cases (€480 million envelope). Year two: moderate. Year three: chronic conditions
  • KEPA throughput service level agreement published with the Charter Inspectorate (Proposal 13) as the throughput monitor. Maximum 90 days from application to decision
  • Coordination clause with Pillar 03 cooperative contracts to regularise undeclared migrant live in carers (currently the γηροκόμα grey market) under formal labour protection
  • Cash payment €800 a month plus full EFKA contributions paid by the state. Application through OPEKA with simplified evidence
Outcome

Year one envelope €480 million (severe disability cohort). Steady state at full roll out approximately €1.2 billion per year for ~100,000 carers, with the 180,000 demand elasticity scenario monitored and the phased intake recalibrated annually. The unpaid labour that holds the Greek social system together is recognised, paid and insured.

Funded by

Envelopes A, B and G. RRP component 3.4 plus ESF+ social insurance plus state budget.

The In-Kind Floor Housing, energy, refugee dignity. Cash cannot do this work alone.

Housing as a Social Right

A regional rent commons in the Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, financed by a regional public housing fund that takes 20 year leases on private properties, performs basic refurbishment, and lets them at calibrated affordable rent to households on KEA, the pension solidarity floor, the carer allowance or the working poor band. Aim: 500 units across Evros by 2030. Reference point the Vienna Gemeindebau and the French Office Public de l'Habitat. Cash benefits cannot do the work of an affordable home.

What we'll do
  • Regional Authority decision establishing the East Macedonia and Thrace Regional Housing Fund
  • Fund takes 20 year leases on private properties offered by owners, performs basic refurbishment from a standard envelope
  • Anti speculative covenants ensure the property cannot be flipped during the lease
  • Joint funding agreement with the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Ministry of Labour
Outcome

500 affordable units operational across Evros by 2030. Housing as constitutional commitment, not residual market outcome.

Funded by

Envelopes A, B and C. EMT Operational Programme Priority 4 plus ESF+ housing inclusion plus RRP component 3.4. Capital €50 million across five years, operating €5 million per year.

Energy Poverty Top Up

A winter energy poverty top up of €100 a month payable from 1 November to 31 March each year to every household receiving KEA, the pension solidarity floor, the carer allowance, or assessed as energy poor under Eurostat indicator ilc_mdes01 using the Greek transposition methodology. Automatic on the OPEKA payment cycle; one click application via gov.gr for households outside the cash benefit system. Reference points the French chèque énergie and the UK Cold Weather Payment. The social floor includes the heating bill or it does not float a household.

What we'll do
  • AURIO parliamentary bill 2027 or 2028
  • Automatic payment alongside KEA, pension solidarity floor or carer allowance, on the OPEKA payment cycle
  • One click application via gov.gr for households outside the cash benefit system, with automatic verification against AADE income data and DEDDIE consumption data
  • Direct connection to Pillar 02 community energy projects for cooperative member households
Outcome

Approximately €250 million per year. The social floor includes the heating bill or it does not float a household.

Funded by

Envelopes A and F. RRP component 3.4 social inclusion plus Pillar 02 windfall recapture from energy market revenue.

Refugee Dignity in the Border Region

A Border Dignity Programme in Evros providing reception conditions, psychosocial support, legal aid, and access to municipal social services and healthcare for asylum seekers crossing the Evros border, as required by Greek and EU law and the principle of non refoulement. Independent civil society monitoring is the operational shield: the Greek Council for Refugees, the Hellenic League for Human Rights and the Athens Bar Association sit inside the programme, not outside it. Reception centres at Fylakio and a new Aisymi area facility run to Greek and EU standards with parliamentary oversight. Reference points the Italian SAI reception system. Constitution Article 5 paragraph 2 in operational form.

What we'll do
  • AURIO parliamentary group amendment to Law 4939 of 2022 enforcing the Reception Conditions Directive at Greek standard
  • Reception centres at Fylakio and a new Aisymi area facility, run to Greek and EU standards with independent civil society monitoring
  • Psychosocial support delivered through the Pillar 11 Community Mental Health Teams
  • Legal aid through the Greek Council for Refugees, Hellenic League for Human Rights and the Athens Bar Association
Outcome

Reception conditions in Evros aligned with Greek and EU law. The constitutional commitment to every person on Greek territory is taken seriously, not only the commitment to citizens.

Funded by

Envelopes A, D and E. AMIF plus RRP component 3.4 plus CERV-2026 rights line plus Ministry of Migration and Asylum operating budget. Approximately €25 million per year.

Recognition, Old Age and the Charter Disability rights, elder dignity, the inspectorate

Disability Rights and Assistive Support

A unified disability support architecture in Evros covering personal assistance hours, assistive technology procurement, accessible housing adaptation, and inclusive employment placement, building on Law 4488 of 2017 disability rights and the personal assistant pilot of Law 4837 of 2021. Operational partner the Disability Persons Confederation of Greece (ESAmeA) plus EOPYY for assistive technology procurement. Reference points the Swedish personal assistance system (LSS) and Italian Law 104 of 1992. The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities delivered, not catalogued.

What we'll do
  • AURIO parliamentary bill 2027 or 2028 unifying the disability support architecture
  • Personal assistance: 60 hours a month for moderate disability, 120 hours a month for severe disability, paid through OPEKA voucher
  • Assistive technology procurement: pre approved catalogue, one click application, EOPYY co payment waived for KEA recipients
  • Accessible housing adaptation grant up to €15,000 per dwelling. Inclusive employment placement subsidy under Pillar 03 cooperative framework
Outcome

Approximately €400 million per year at full roll out. The Greek transposition of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities delivered in operational form.

Funded by

Envelopes A, B and G. RRP component 3.4 plus ESF+ inclusion plus state budget.

Old Age Dignity, the Community Elder Programme

Every Evros municipality operates a Community Elder Programme integrating Help at Home (Boitheia sto Spiti), KIFI day centres, transport assistance for medical appointments, and a regular wellbeing check visit by a community health worker (Pillar 11). Coverage target: every Evros resident over 75 living alone receives at least one wellbeing visit a fortnight. Reference points the Danish municipal home help system. A pension paid into an account is not enough if the person cannot get to the pharmacy.

What we'll do
  • Joint resolution of Evros municipalities. Regional Authority funding agreement
  • Help at Home staffing stabilised through multi annual contracts, ending recruitment freeze
  • KIFI day centres opened in every Evros municipality with consistent activity programme
  • Integration with Pillar 11 Community Health Worker cadre for fortnightly wellbeing visits
Outcome

Approximately €6 million per year for Evros. Old age dignity as the daily test of whether the social floor is operational.

Funded by

Envelopes B, C and H. ESF+ plus EMT Operational Programme Priority 4 plus municipal budget.

Funeral Commons, Anti Pauper Funeral Fund

By Alexandroupolis municipal resolution, a Funeral Commons fund covering the basic dignified funeral cost of any Alexandroupolis resident whose family cannot meet that cost, in coordination with the local Orthodox Metropolis, the Muslim community of Western Thrace, and other faith communities. Means tested grant up to €1,500 per case; application through municipal social services within 30 days of bereavement. Reference points the French aide aux frais d'obsèques and the UK Funeral Expenses Payment. The constitutional charter as a lived obligation that extends to the dignity of the dead.

What we'll do
  • Alexandroupolis municipal resolution within first year of an AURIO mayoral term
  • Means tested grant up to €1,500 covering basic funeral costs (transport, basic coffin, burial or cremation, religious ceremony)
  • Application through municipal social services within 30 days of bereavement
  • Faith community partnership for ceremony and pastoral support across Orthodox, Muslim and other communities
Outcome

Approximately €200,000 a year. The constitutional charter understood as a lived obligation that extends to the dignity of the dead.

Funded by

Envelope H. Alexandroupolis municipal budget plus faith community contributions.

Regional Social Dividend

A Regional Social Dividend paid out of the surpluses of Pillar 02 community energy projects, Pillar 03 local economy cooperatives, and the East Macedonia and Thrace Regional Authority share of state oil and gas royalties, distributed annually to every adult resident of the region as a small flat sum. Eligibility 12 months of registered residence at the dividend record date; channel bank transfer or OPEKA delivery. Reference points the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend and the Maricá oil royalty Mumbuca scheme. The universal residency dividend that complements the means tested floor.

What we'll do
  • Regional Authority decision establishing the Regional Social Dividend Fund
  • Annual dividend, calibrated to the surplus available, paid in November or December
  • Eligibility: at least 12 months of registered residence at the dividend record date
  • Channel: bank transfer or, for those without bank access, OPEKA delivery channel
Outcome

Year one estimated €30 million, approximately €100 per adult resident. The regional economy generates a surplus that belongs in part to every resident.

Funded by

Envelopes C and F. Pillar 02 community energy surpluses plus Pillar 03 cooperative surplus profit share plus regional royalty share.

Anti Destitution Charter and Enforcement

An AURIO parliamentary act, the Charter of Social Rights and Dignity, restating in operational terms the constitutional commitments of Articles 21, 22 and 25, and establishing a Greek Inspectorate of Social Protection under the Hellenic Ombudsman to investigate complaints of social benefit failure, OPEKA delay and KEA denial, and to issue binding recommendations. Sequencing matters. The Inspectorate is established and publishes its baseline first year work plan six months before the KEA reform bill, so that the state itself certifies a public record of pre reform OPEKA delay and KEA denial. Every subsequent improvement is then measurable against a baseline the state cannot disown. Reference points the French Défenseur des droits and the Council of Europe European Social Charter monitoring. The immune system of the social floor.

What we'll do
  • Year one (2027): AURIO parliamentary bill establishing the Charter under Articles 21, 22, 25 and 103. Inspectorate of Social Protection constituted under the Hellenic Ombudsman with own initiative investigation powers
  • Inspectorate first year work plan published on Diavgeia six months before the KEA reform bill: baseline audit of OPEKA decision timelines, KEA denial rates, branch service dignity, accessibility of digital application paths
  • Maximum OPEKA decision timelines codified. Dignity standards in branch service. Anti destitution clause requiring referral to a dedicated emergency response in any case of imminent destitution
  • Quarterly public report on social protection delivery published on Diavgeia. Annual public hearing of the Inspectorate before the Hellenic Parliament Social Affairs Committee
Outcome

Inspectorate operational from 2027, six months ahead of the KEA bill. Approximately €5 million per year. Without enforcement the charter is an aspiration. The Inspectorate is the immune system of the social floor, and the public baseline that turns every reform into a measurable claim.

Funded by

Envelopes D and G. CERV-2026 rights line plus Ministry of Labour operating budget.

The Money

Where the money comes from.

€4bn / yr Five year steady state deployment, gap to EU average non-pension social transfer
€5.3bn ESF+ Greek allocation 2021–2027
€611M RRP social inclusion component 3.4 (half open at mid-term review)

Greece has not lacked the money for a social floor. It has lacked the political settlement to deploy it. The Greek Recovery and Resilience Plan carries a dedicated social inclusion component (3.4) of €611 million, half deployed and half open at the mid term review. The European Social Fund Plus 2021 to 2027 allocates Greece €5.3 billion. The East Macedonia and Thrace Operational Programme runs at €639 million with Priority 4 covering social inclusion. CERV-2026 funds rights and dignity components. AMIF funds reception conditions. EOPYY, EFKA and the Ministry of Labour operating budget carries the floor from year three onwards.

AURIO's route is to populate the architecture Greek law already authorises: Constitution Articles 21, 22 and 25, Law 4520 of 2018, Law 4387 of 2016, Law 4488 of 2017, Law 4837 of 2021, Law 4939 of 2022, Law 3094 of 2003, Law 3852 of 2010, Law 4727 of 2020. Five year steady state public deployment approximately €4 billion per year, comparable to the gap between current Greek non pension social transfer spending and the EU average. Nothing below requires a Greek tax that is not already proposed in Pillar 03.

Who Applies

How to reach the envelopes below.

  1. Alexandroupolis Municipality and Evros Municipalities

    ACH

    Lead beneficiary for the Three Village Basic Income Pilot, the Funeral Commons, and the Community Elder Programme. Joint resolution of participating municipalities for the basic income pilot. Municipal budget vote for funeral commons and elder programme.

  2. Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace

    CF

    Regional Authority decision establishing the East Macedonia and Thrace Regional Housing Fund, the Regional Social Dividend Fund, and the funding line for the Community Elder Programme regional component. Royalty share allocation under Constitution Article 18.

  3. OPEKA, EFKA and the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

    ABG

    Centralised administration of the KEA reform, the Pension Solidarity Floor, the Carer Allowance, the Energy Poverty Top Up, and Disability Support. RRP and ESF+ bridge financing for the transition period. Operating budget carries the steady state from year three.

  4. AURIO parliamentary group

    D

    Parliamentary amendments and bills for the Charter of Social Rights and Dignity, the KEA reform, the Pension Solidarity Floor, the Carer Allowance, the Energy Poverty Top Up, the Disability Support uplift, the Border Dignity Programme. CERV-2026 rights line sponsorship for participation and rights monitoring components.

  5. Ministry of Migration and Asylum and civil society monitors

    ADE

    Reception centres at Fylakio and Aisymi area run by Ministry of Migration and Asylum to Greek and EU standards. Independent monitoring through the Greek Council for Refugees and the Hellenic League for Human Rights. AMIF reception conditions line plus CERV-2026 rights monitoring.

Full applicant's guide →

Where the money goes

Annual cost at full roll out, sorted by size. Each bar links to the proposal it pays for.

  • Cash Floor
  • Recognition, Old Age and the Charter
  • The In-Kind Floor
  1. KEA Reform and Uplift
  2. Carer Allowance and Care Work Recognition
  3. Pension Solidarity Floor
  4. Disability Rights and Assistive Support
  5. Energy Poverty Top Up
  6. Regional Social Dividend
  7. Refugee Dignity in the Border Region
  8. Housing as a Social Right
  9. OPEKA EFKA One Stop Shop, Ten City National Rollout
  10. Old Age Dignity, the Community Elder Programme
  11. Anti Destitution Charter and Enforcement
  12. Three Village Basic Income Pilot
  13. Funeral Commons, Anti Pauper Funeral Fund

Total steady state envelope: €4.05bn a year, drawn from the envelopes named in the funding map below.

Steady state envelope, by proposal

Annual cost at full roll out, in € millions. Envelope letters link to the funding sources below.

№Proposal€ m / yrEnvelopes
01OPEKA EFKA One Stop Shop, Ten City National Rollout12.0A, E, D
02Three Village Basic Income Pilot3.60A, H
03KEA Reform and Uplift1,400A, B, G
04Pension Solidarity Floor700A, G
05Carer Allowance and Care Work Recognition1,200A, B, G
06Housing as a Social Right15.0A, B, C
07Energy Poverty Top Up250A, F
08Refugee Dignity in the Border Region25.0A, D, E
09Disability Rights and Assistive Support400A, B, G
10Old Age Dignity, the Community Elder Programme6.00B, C, H
11Funeral Commons, Anti Pauper Funeral Fund0.20H
12Regional Social Dividend30.0C, F
13Anti Destitution Charter and Enforcement5.00D, G
Steady state total4,047

Years one and two carry RRP, ESF+, AMIF and CERV bridge financing. From year three, OPEKA, EFKA and Ministry of Labour operating budgets absorb the floor, exactly as the funding map specifies. Programme wide audit and oversight capacity. The Hellenic Ombudsman (Sinigoros tou Politi) under Law 3094 of 2003 is engaged across Pillars 01, 04, 06, 07, 09, 10, 11 and 12, with a combined case load of approximately 9,100 cases a year after the third year. To carry the case load the Ombudsman requires 46 new posts distributed across the National Mechanism for the Investigation of Incidents of Arbitrariness (Ethnikos Mihanismos Diereunisis Peristatikon Authairesias) under Law 3938 of 2011, the Gender Equality Cycle (Kyklos Isotitas ton Fylon) under Law 3488 of 2006, the Children's Rights Cycle (Kyklos Dikaiomaton tou Paidiou) under Law 3094 of 2003, and a new Health and Social Solidarity Cycle. Bridge year cost (years 1 to 3): EUR 2.8 million per year from Envelope E (RRP Component 3.4) and Envelope D (ESF Plus). Base year cost (year 4 onwards): EUR 2.8 million per year from Envelope A (Greek state budget, Ministry of Justice). Reference point the Irish Office of the Ombudsman 2022 capacity uplift (36 posts added across four divisions). The capacity line discharges the audit oversight requirement for eight pillars in a single allocation.

Greek Recovery and Resilience Plan, Component 3.4 Social Inclusion

€611 million social inclusion component, half deployed and half available for mid term reallocation

  • Component 3.4 covers social inclusion: minimum income support, family policies, housing inclusion, anti poverty measures, refugee inclusion.
  • Partially deployed as of April 2026 with the remainder open for reallocation in the mid term review.
Legal base
Regulation (EU) 2021/241
Proposals funded
OPEKA EFKA One Stop Shop Ten City National Rollout RRP component (Proposal 1). Three Village Basic Income Pilot (Proposal 2). KEA reform year one and two (Proposal 3). Carer Allowance launch (Proposal 5). Housing fund seed (Proposal 6). Energy top up year one and two (Proposal 7). Border Dignity (Proposal 8). Disability uplift (Proposal 9). Charter Inspectorate setup (Proposal 13)
Who applies
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs as national RRP implementer. Alexandroupolis municipality and Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace for regional and pilot deployments. AURIO engages the RRP mid term review from 2026 onwards
Window
RRP spending deadline under active negotiation with the Commission for 2026 and extended deadlines. Mid term review open 2025 onwards

European Social Fund Plus 2021 to 2027, Greek allocation

€5.3 billion Greek total, regional East Macedonia and Thrace component approx. €165.5 million

  • ESF+ funds employment, skills, social inclusion and poverty reduction.
  • The minimum income coverage and adequacy strands are directly relevant to KEA reform.
  • The disability and elder care strands fund the recognition and old age legs of the social floor.
Legal base
Regulation (EU) 2021/1057
Proposals funded
OPEKA EFKA One Stop Shop ESF Plus integration (Proposal 1). KEA accompanying activation services (Proposal 3). Carer allowance social insurance (Proposal 5). Housing inclusion (Proposal 6). Disability inclusion (Proposal 9). Community Elder Programme (Proposal 10)
Who applies
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs as national managing authority. Democritus University of Thrace, OPEKA, regional authority and municipalities as eligible beneficiaries
Window
ESF+ workforce and inclusion calls ongoing through 2027. Mid programme review 2025 onwards

East Macedonia and Thrace Operational Programme 2021 to 2027, Priority 4

€639M total public expenditure, Priority 4 social inclusion line

  • 85 per cent EU, 15 per cent national cofinancing.
  • Priority 4 covers social inclusion, anti poverty measures, and innovative solutions for regions with inequalities.
  • The natural envelope for the regional housing fund and the elder programme.
Legal base
Regulation (EU) 2021/1058 (ERDF) and Regulation (EU) 2021/1057 (ESF+)
Proposals funded
Housing fund seed (Proposal 6). Border Dignity Evros component (Proposal 8). Community Elder Programme (Proposal 10). Regional Social Dividend administrative platform (Proposal 12)
Who applies
Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace as managing authority via EYDAMTH. Alexandroupolis municipality as lead beneficiary for housing, elder programme and dividend administration
Window
Priority 4 calls ongoing through 2027. Social inclusion calls expected 2026 to 2027

Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values Programme (CERV-2026)

€1.55 billion EU total programme for 2021 to 2027

  • Programme supports rights and dignity components of social policy: refugee dignity, charter enforcement, anti destitution monitoring, citizens' participation in social policy councils.
Legal base
Regulation (EU) 2021/692
Proposals funded
Border Dignity rights monitoring (Proposal 8). Charter Inspectorate participation and rights components (Proposal 13)
Who applies
Civil society organisations and universities, often with municipal co applicants. Bodossaki PLATO intermediary for Greek civil society access
Window
Annual CERV calls. PLATO cycle: next Bodossaki call expected 2026. Networks of Towns call deadline 16 April 2026

EU Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF)

Greek AMIF allocation 2021 to 2027 approximately €312 million

  • Funds reception, integration, return and resettlement of asylum seekers.
  • The reception conditions strand directly funds the Border Dignity Programme.
  • Civil society monitoring is funded under the integration strand.
Legal base
Regulation (EU) 2021/1147
Proposals funded
Border Dignity Programme (Proposal 8) reception conditions and integration components
Who applies
Ministry of Migration and Asylum as national managing authority. Greek Council for Refugees, Hellenic League for Human Rights and Athens Bar Association as civil society co applicants
Window
AMIF annual calls through 2027. Reception conditions and integration calls open most years

Pillar 02 Community Energy and Pillar 03 Local Economy surpluses, plus regional royalty share

Year one estimate €30 million dividend pool, scaling with cooperative deployment

  • The internal AURIO finance loop.
  • Pillar 02 community energy surpluses and Pillar 03 cooperative surpluses, supplemented by the regional share of state oil and gas royalties, finance the universal residency dividend that complements the means tested cash floor.
Legal base
Constitution Article 18 (mineral resources public ownership). Law 4548 of 2018 cooperative framework. Law 3852 of 2010 (Kallikrates Code) for regional payment delivery
Proposals funded
Energy Poverty Top Up part funding from Pillar 02 windfall recapture (Proposal 7). Regional Social Dividend principal source (Proposal 12)
Who applies
Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace as administrator. Pillar 02 community energy cooperatives and Pillar 03 local economy cooperatives as surplus contributors
Window
Annual cycle, dividend paid in November or December

OPEKA, EFKA and Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs operating budget

Greek public social protection operating budget. Transitions RRP and ESF+ pilot funding to base funding from year three

  • The floor is sustained from year three onward through regular Greek public expenditure, after RRP and ESF+ pilot funding completes.
  • EFKA handles the pension top up.
  • OPEKA handles the cash floor and the Inspectorate.
Legal base
Greek national budget. Law 4520 of 2018 (OPEKA). Law 4387 of 2016 (Katrougalos pension reform). Law 4144 of 2013 social insurance reform
Proposals funded
OPEKA EFKA One Stop Shop ongoing operating from year three (Proposal 1). KEA reform from year three (Proposal 3). Pension Solidarity Floor (Proposal 4). Carer Allowance from year three (Proposal 5). Energy Top Up from year three (Proposal 7). Disability Support from year three (Proposal 9). Charter Inspectorate operating (Proposal 13)
Who applies
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs through the annual Greek public budget process. AURIO parliamentary representatives sponsor the line items from 2027
Window
Annual Greek public budget cycle

Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace and Evros Municipalities

Regional operating budget approx. €150 million per year. Alexandroupolis Municipality operating budget approx. €30 million to €50 million per year

  • Municipal discretionary spending covers the pilot basic income, the funeral commons and the in kind contributions for the community elder programme.
  • AURIO mayoral win 2028 decides the pace.
  • No application required.
Legal base
Law 3852 of 2010 (Kallikrates Code)
Proposals funded
Three Village Basic Income Pilot municipal contribution (Proposal 2). Community Elder Programme municipal share (Proposal 10). Funeral Commons (Proposal 11). OPEKA EFKA One Stop Shop municipal hosting contribution (Proposal 1)
Who applies
Alexandroupolis municipal budget vote. Regional authority allocation for regional scale programmes
Window
Annual municipal and regional budget cycles
What Changes For You

The payoff is local, measurable, and soon.

  1. The pension keeps a roof, the heat, and the medicines.

    The Pension Solidarity Floor lifts every elderly pensioner above the at risk of poverty threshold for a single adult in Greece. €600 a month for the uninsured elderly. Automatic top up for the contributory pensioner with a broken record. The constitutional commitment to the elderly without means honoured.

  2. The state certifies its own failures before it promises to fix them.

    The Charter Inspectorate is established and publishes its baseline first year work plan on Diavgeia six months before the KEA reform bill. OPEKA delay rates, KEA denial rates, branch service dignity, all on the public record. From there it works as a forum: complaints under the Hellenic Ombudsman, binding recommendations published quarterly. Every subsequent improvement is measurable against a baseline the state cannot disown.

  3. Working poor get a floor, not a queue.

    The KEA reform doubles the single adult floor from €200 to €400, raises the additional adult component, raises the per child component, simplifies application, and reduces conditionality. Every legal resident is reachable. Take up is no longer a digital literacy test.

  4. Carers are paid, insured and recognised.

    The Carer Allowance pays €800 a month plus full EFKA contributions to any person providing at least 35 hours a week of unpaid care. Polanyi's diagnosis of fictitious commodities operationalised: the labour of care is paid as a cost, not absorbed as a free input.

Go Deeper

The research behind the policy.

Where it has worked.

Aisymi, Ferres and the Rhodope foothills, Evros

From 2028

The founding local case.

Aisymi is the founding village of AURIO. Pension only households dominate. KEA reaches very few people because the application process requires digital literacy, tax compliance, and persistence that many of the eligible do not have. Energy poverty is acute. The Pomak villages of mountainous Evros are under served even by Greek standards.

Pillar 12 Proposal 2 proposes the Three Village Basic Income Pilot: a two year, three village pilot in Aisymi, Ferres and one Rhodope foothill village to be selected by municipal consultation. €200 a month, 24 months, every adult resident, paid through a Greek cooperative bank account or a complementary local payment instrument issued by the cooperative. Pilot population approximately 1,500 adults. Two year cash cost €7.2 million. Independent evaluation by Democritus University social policy department. The Greek Maricá being built. The demonstration from which the national KEA reform draws.

Maricá, Brazil

Since 2013

The municipality that pays its residents a complementary currency.

The Brazilian municipality of Maricá in the state of Rio de Janeiro operates the largest municipal basic income programme in the Americas. The Renda Básica de Cidadania pays 230 Mumbucas per resident enrolled in the federal Cadastro Único with a household per capita income up to three minimum wages. The Mumbuca is a municipal complementary currency issued by Banco Mumbuca, the local public bank, accepted only inside the municipality.

The programme is funded out of the municipal share of state oil royalties from offshore production. The architecture is the international reference point for a municipal cash transfer paid in a complementary currency that recirculates inside the local economy, supports local commerce and short supply chains, and reduces leakage to outside corporations. For AURIO Pillar 12, Maricá is the model for the Three Village Basic Income Pilot.

Helsinki and the Kela register, Finland

2017 to 2018

The first rigorous national basic income trial in a high income country.

The Finnish basic income experiment, run by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (Kela), is the most rigorous randomised trial of a basic income payment carried out in a high income country to date. The experiment selected 2,000 unemployed people aged 25 to 58 from the Kela unemployment register, paid them €560 a month from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2018 unconditionally, and compared their outcomes against a control group.

The Kela results page reports small employment effects, statistically significant improvements in self reported wellbeing and economic security, and lower levels of mental distress in the treatment group. The methodological proof: an unconditional cash payment can be administered cheaply through an existing social insurance institution, recipients do not exit the labour market, and the wellbeing gains are real. Kela's role is the operational analogue of OPEKA in Greece.

Madrid and the autonomous communities, Spain

Since 2020

The minimum income that became permanent inside one electoral term.

The Spanish Ingreso Mínimo Vital was created by Royal Decree Law 20 of 29 May 2020, in the early phase of the COVID-19 economic emergency, and was made permanent and structurally completed by Law 19 of 20 December 2021, which added the child supplement, simplified the application process, and refined the means test. The benefit is administered by the Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social.

The March 2026 statistical release records 829,399 beneficiary households, 2,532,284 individuals reached, of which 1,034,319 are minors, and an average benefit of €543.1 per household per month. Cumulatively, since the programme launched, 3,546,408 distinct individuals have received IMV at some point. The IMV is the operational template for the AURIO KEA reform: a means tested last resort cash transfer with a clear legal base, an integrated child supplement, and a data architecture that connects to the tax authority and the social security register.

Stockton, California, USA

2019 to 2021

The American mayor who proved a city can do basic income.

The Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration (SEED) was launched by the City of Stockton, California, under Mayor Michael Tubbs, in February 2019. The pilot paid 125 randomly selected residents $500 a month for 24 months, with no conditions and no work requirement, and compared their outcomes to a control group of 200 residents.

The independent evaluation by Stacia West and Amy Castro Baker documented improvements in full time employment, statistically significant reductions in self reported anxiety and depression, and smoother household cash flow. Mayors for a Guaranteed Income now organises a network of more than one hundred US mayors who have run or are running similar municipal pilots. For AURIO Pillar 12 the lesson is that the basic income idea can be deployed at municipal scale in a state with no national programme. The Alexandroupolis context fits the Stockton template.

Ulaanbaatar and the steppe, Mongolia

Since 2005

Near universal child benefit at scale, scaled up in weeks under crisis.

The Mongolian Child Money Programme has been running, with interruptions, since 2005 and is currently structured as a near universal monthly cash payment to children aged 0 to 17. UNICEF records that the programme covered around 1.3 million children in 2023 with spending equivalent to 5.6 per cent of total government expenditure and 2 per cent of GDP. The standing benefit rate has been MNT 20,000 since 2012, except during the COVID-19 expansion when it was raised to MNT 100,000 per child.

The PreventionWeb case study on the programme's COVID-19 expansion records that the 2020 to 2022 scale up reached 1.2 million children, equivalent to 96.6 per cent of all children in Mongolia, within weeks of the policy decision, using the existing programme database and digital payment rails. The Mongolia case demonstrates that a near universal child benefit can be administered at scale in a middle income country and that the existing infrastructure allows rapid scale up in a crisis. The Greek child benefit (A21) administered through OPEKA is a structurally compatible vehicle.

Brasília and the Cadastro, Brazil

Since 2004

The largest cash transfer programme in the Americas.

Bolsa Família was created by Lei 10.836 of 9 January 2004, consolidating earlier conditional cash transfer programmes into a single nationwide instrument administered by the federal Ministry of Citizenship, now the Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome. The programme pays a means tested monthly cash benefit to households registered in Cadastro Único, the federal social register, with conditionalities administered as supports rather than as sanctions.

The July 2025 official figures record 19.6 million beneficiary families, R$13.16 billion paid in the month, and an average benefit of R$671.52 per family. The programme reaches roughly one quarter of Brazilian households and has been credited with the largest part of the Brazilian extreme poverty reduction of the 2003 to 2014 period. For Pillar 12 the Cadastro Único lesson is the centralised registry that allows multiple cash and in kind programmes to share a single application surface, the structural reform proposed for OPEKA.

Seoul and the welfare register, South Korea

Since 2000

The East Asian minimum that floors livelihood, housing, education, medicine, childbirth and burial.

The South Korean National Basic Livelihood Security System (NBLSS, Korean Gungmin Gicho Saenghwal Bojang Jedo) was enacted in 1999 and entered into force on 1 October 2000, replacing the earlier Livelihood Protection Law. The system pays seven category benefits including a livelihood allowance, housing allowance, education allowance, medical aid, childbirth aid, funeral aid, and self reliance grant, administered by the Ministry of Health and Welfare.

As of late 2024, the number of recipients stood at around 2.673 million people, of whom 96.3 per cent were general recipients. Seniors aged 65 and over represent 42.8 per cent of general recipients, with around 11 per cent of all South Korean seniors receiving NBLSS support. For Pillar 12 the Korean case demonstrates that an East Asian welfare regime conventionally classed as productivist has converged on a multi component last resort scheme of the kind that the Greek system would need to evolve into in order to address its own elderly poverty and household hardship.

The deeper argument.

Greek social security was founded on a charter that the bailout decade hollowed in operational terms. Article 21 of the Constitution commits the state to the protection of the family, motherhood, childhood, large families, the disabled, the elderly without means, and the homeless. Article 22 commits the state to social insurance for working people. Article 25 establishes the social welfare state principle. In 2026 the charter still reads as promised. The cash floor reads at €200 a month for a single adult on KEA. The pension floor reads at €384 for a national pensioner with 20 years of insurance and 40 years of legal residence. The energy poverty rate reads at 19.0 per cent of households unable to keep their home adequately warm. The charter is not refuted by theory. It is refuted by delivery.

Polanyi names the diagnosis. Labour, land and money are fictitious commodities; they are not produced for sale, and treating them as commodities annihilates the human and natural substance of the society they are taken from. The bailout era subordinated Greek labour, Greek pensions, and Greek family care to the discipline of a labour market deregulated under external instruction. The double movement of social self protection has not yet come. The memoranda ended. The pensions were not restored. The labour protections were not reinstated. The informal economy was not addressed. The precariat was not named. Pillar 12 is the counter movement.

Piven analyses the political settlement. Welfare in modern capitalist economies is administered cyclically: relief expands when the political order is destabilised by the unemployed and the poor, and it contracts when the labour market needs the same population to work at any wage. The administrative form of welfare, with its conditionality, its means tests, its bureaucratic humiliation, and its capacity to remove cash from a household within a single review cycle, is part of that discipline. Pillar 12 is designed against that regulatory function: conditionality is minimised, application is simplified, sanctions are proportionate, reviews are predictable. The political condition is a coalition broad enough to defeat the labour market discipline use of welfare. AURIO's role is to be part of that coalition.

Standing prescribes the operational form. The precariat is a class characterised by labour insecurity, employment insecurity, job insecurity, work insecurity, skill reproduction insecurity, income insecurity, and representation insecurity. The basic income proposal is the republican freedom answer: regular, individual, unconditional, universal, modest. Pillar 12 Proposals 2, 3 and 12 give Standing's prescription operational Greek form. The Three Village Basic Income Pilot is the Maricá Mumbuca model adapted to a Greek border regional unit. The KEA reform raises the cash floor towards adequacy and reduces its conditionality. The Regional Social Dividend complements the means tested floor with a universal residency dividend funded from cooperative and royalty surpluses.

A social floor without an enforcement architecture erodes. Greek law has held the constitutional commitment to dignity for forty years on paper; delivery has drifted because no Inspectorate held the system to its own promises. Pillar 12 Proposal 13 is the accountability wing. The Charter of Social Rights and Dignity restates in operational terms the commitments of Articles 21, 22 and 25. The Greek Inspectorate of Social Protection under the Hellenic Ombudsman investigates OPEKA delay, KEA denial, and dignity violations on its own initiative, with binding recommendations published quarterly on Diavgeia. The mechanism is routine in the comparative European literature. The political act of putting it together is what is missing.

This is not a regional programme. The Three Village Basic Income Pilot is the founding demonstration, not the destination. The same cash floor architecture applies to any Greek region whose KEA take up is far below its material deprivation rate: the Cretan mountain villages, the Mani in southern Peloponnese, the interior of Epirus, the smaller Dodecanese and Cycladic islands. The Carer Allowance is designed for any Greek family that holds a disabled or chronically ill member through unpaid labour. The Pension Solidarity Floor is designed for every Greek elder whose contributory record was broken by emigration, by the bailout era, or by a working life of agricultural labour under the legacy OGA pension. The Charter Inspectorate is designed for every Greek resident who has been denied a benefit they were owed under the constitutional charter.

The thirteen proposals of Pillar 12 are funded from envelopes Greece has already secured: €611 million RRP social inclusion component, €5.3 billion ESF+ Greek allocation, €639 million East Macedonia and Thrace Operational Programme, CERV-2026, AMIF, the OPEKA, EFKA and Ministry of Labour operating budget, the Pillar 02 community energy and Pillar 03 cooperative surpluses, and municipal and regional budgets. Five year steady state public deployment approximately €4 billion per year. The legal base is in place: Constitution Articles 21, 22 and 25; Law 4520 of 2018; Law 4387 of 2016; Law 4488 of 2017; Law 4837 of 2021; Law 4939 of 2022; Law 3094 of 2003; Law 3852 of 2010; Law 4727 of 2020. The institutional network is in place: OPEKA, EFKA, Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Regional Authority of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Alexandroupolis municipality, Democritus University of Thrace, Hellenic Ombudsman. The conditions are assembled. What is missing is the political act that puts them together.

Greece does not lack the resources for dignified pensions, adequate KEA, universal child benefit, carer recognition, and refugee dignity. It lacks the political settlement that distributes those resources according to need rather than connection.

AURIO is for the people who are ready to honour the charter that was already written.

References

Sources cited in this paper. Read more
  • Polanyi, K. "The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time" (Farrar and Rinehart, 1944; Beacon Press, 2001 with Stiglitz introduction)
  • Piven, F. F. and Cloward, R. "Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare" (Pantheon, 1971; Vintage expanded, 1993)
  • Piven, F. F. and Cloward, R. "Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail" (Pantheon, 1977)
  • Standing, G. "The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class" (Bloomsbury, 2011)
  • Standing, G. "Basic Income: And How We Can Make It Happen" (Pelican, 2017)
  • Sen, A. "Development as Freedom" (Knopf, 1999)
  • Eurostat. Social protection expenditure series tps00098 and detail series spr_exp_sum
  • Eurostat. At risk of poverty and social exclusion (AROPE) indicator ilc_peps01; pension impact tessi012; energy poverty ilc_mdes01; in work poverty ilc_iw01
  • OPEKA. Monthly payment releases (2024 and 2025); legal base Law 4520 of 2018
  • EFKA. Pension framework reference under Law 4387 of 2016 (Katrougalos Law)
  • Council Recommendation of 30 January 2023 on adequate minimum income (CELEX 32023H0203(01))
  • European Pillar of Social Rights, Principle 14 on minimum income
  • Greek Recovery and Resilience Plan, Component 3.4 Social Inclusion (€611 million)
  • European Social Fund Plus 2021 to 2027, Greek allocation (€5.3 billion)
  • Kela, Finland. "Results of the Basic Income Experiment 2017 to 2018: Small employment effects, better perceived economic security and mental wellbeing" (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 2019)
  • Kangas, O. et al. "The Basic Income Experiment 2017 to 2018 in Finland: Preliminary Results" (Kela, 2019)
  • Spanish Royal Decree Law 20 of 29 May 2020 and Law 19 of 20 December 2021 on Ingreso Mínimo Vital. Seguridad Social monthly statistical releases
  • UNICEF. "Mongolia's Path Towards Universal Child Benefits" (Laryea Adjei briefing, 2025); World Bank All About Finance blog (2026); PreventionWeb case study on COVID-19 expansion
  • Brazil Lei 10.836 of 9 January 2004 (Bolsa Família); Cadastro Único register; Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Assistência Social monthly releases
  • Mayors for a Guaranteed Income. Stockton SEED demonstration (2019 to 2021). West, S. and Castro Baker, A. independent evaluation
  • South Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare. National Basic Livelihood Security System legal base (1999, in force 2000); 2024 Annual Report
  • Maricá Municipality, Brazil. Renda Básica de Cidadania and Banco Mumbuca; municipal portal at marica.rj.gov.br
  • Greek laws: 4520/2018 (OPEKA); 4387/2016 (Katrougalos pension reform); 4144/2013 (social insurance reform); 4488/2017 (disability rights); 4837/2021 (child protection and personal assistant pilot); 4939/2022 (asylum); 3094/2003 (Hellenic Ombudsman); 3852/2010 (Kallikrates Code); 4727/2020 (digital governance code); 4624/2019 (Data Protection Act). Constitution of Greece, Articles 21, 22, 25, 5(2), 9A, 18, 103
  • Greek Council for Refugees. Reception Conditions Reports (2023 to 2025) at gcr.gr/en
  • AURIO. "Pillar 12. Social Security and Dignity: From Conditional Aid and Working Poverty to a Social Floor" (April 2026). Full standalone document including 13 proposals with the nine field structure, 8 funding envelopes, five year cash flow projection, risk analysis, and appendices on the Greek legal framework

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